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Trabajo y
Sociedad
Sociology of work, cultural studies and sociological/literary
narratives
Nº 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21y
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 , 29, 30, 31, 32 y 33 Winter 2019 - ISSN
1514-6871
www.unse.edu.ar/trabajoysociedad
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Work and Society (Trabajo y Sociedad)
Sociology of work, cultural studies and sociological/literary
narratives
Work and Society
(Trabajo y Sociedad)
is a peer-reviewed social science journal. The journal was created in 1999 and
it is published twice a year by the Department of Sociology and
Research Institute for Social
Development (INDES) at the National
University of Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Argentina. It is thematically,
theoretically, and methodologically open, but it focuses mainly on the areas of
sociology of work, cultural studies and the relationship between sociological
and literary narratives. Its Editorial board is comprised of scholars from UNSE
and CONICET, its Advisory board includes recognized national and international
experts.
ABSTRACTS
Número 33, Invierno 2019
AUTHORS, REFERENTS, IMAGE CREATORS
RURAL SCENARIOS: SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND AGRIBUSINESS
JOBS, PROFESSIONS AND LIFE MODES
IMAGES AND MAGNITUDES OF THE WORK
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SCENARIOS: PROCESSES AND DEBATES
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Num. 32, Summer 2019
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
UNION ACTION AND SALARY STRATEGIES
RURAL SCENARIOS: PEASANTS AND AGRIBUSINESS UNITS
URBAN SCENARIOS: THEORIES AND EXPERIENCES
GENDER DIMENSIONS: IDENTITIES AND PRACTICES
OFFICES, OCCUPATIONS AND LIFE MODES
YOUTH:
IMAGES AND AMOUNTS
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Num. 31,
Winter 2018
DOSSIER:
POLICE WORK AND POLITICA IN ARGENTINA: PERSPECTIVES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOCIAL
SCIENCES
IMAGES AND DIMENSIONS OF WORK
MANAGERIAL ELITES
AND PROFESSIONAL IDENTITIES
RURAL SCENARIOS: LABOR
STRATEGIES
POLITICS AND SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
ANALYTIC PERSPECTIVES: TIMES, IDENTITIES, HISTORY
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Num. 30, Summer 2018
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: POLITICS, WORK AND CULTURE
LABOR WORLDS: IMAGES AND MAGNITUDES
RURAL SCENES: LABOR STRATEGIES AND AGRO BUSINESS
YOUTHS: IDENTITIES AND PRACTICES
TRADES, PROFESSIONS AND WAYS OF LIFE
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Num. 29, Winter 2017
PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS
DIMENSIONS OF
RURAL WORK: IDENTITIES AND PRACTICES
LATIN AMERICAN EXPERIENCES
STRUCTURAL HETEROGENEITY AND MARKET SEGMENTATION
IMAGES AND MAGNITUDES OF WORK
ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVES AND ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES
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Num.28, Summer 2017
DOSSIER:
CARE
OCCUPATIONS: WORK CONDITIONS IN ARGENTINA
ECONOMIC AND
SOCIAL SCENARIOS: PROCESSES AND DEBATES
ESCENARIOS ECONÓMICOS Y SOCIALES: PROCESOS Y DEBATES
WORKING
WORLDS: ETHNOGRAPHIES AND EXPERIENCES
PROCESSES OF
EDUCATION AND CIRCULATION OF IDEAS
DIMENSIONS OF
RURAL WORK: IDENTITIES AND PRACTICES
LABOR MIGRATION: FACTS AND
METHODOLOGIES
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Num
27, Winter 2016
DOSSIER:
¿HACIA DÓNDE SE DIRIGE EL SINDICALISMO EN ARGENTINA Y BRASIL?
TRAYECTORIAS EDUCATIVAS Y PROFESIONALES
LA NOCHE, LOS DÍAS: PERSPECTIVAS ANALÍTICAS Y REGISTROS
ETNOGRÁFICOS
PASADOS Y PRESENTES DE LA ARGENTINA: PROYECTOS Y REALIDADES
VIDA EN LOS MEDIOS: ESCENAS Y PROCESOS
MUNDOS RURALES: PRODUCCIÓN TECNOLÓGICA Y ESTRATEGIAS FAMILIARES
INFORMALIDAD, CONFLICTIVIDAD SOCIAL E INMIGRACION
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Num. 26,
Summer 2016
IMAGES AND
FIGURES ON LABOR MARKER
THEORETICAL
AND ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIOLOGY
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT: ELITES, WORKING CLASS, CAPITALS
WOMEN AND
YOUTH: SCENES AND PROCESSES
STRATEGIES IN
PRODUCTION AND FOOD DISTRIBUTION
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Num. 25, Winter 2015
DOMESTICITIES:
SCENES AND PROCESSES
EDUCATION
AND ACADEMIC
CAREER
POLICIES:
PRACTICES OF
DOMINATION
ETHNICITIES,
IDENTITIES: LAWS AND SPEECHES
MIGRATION:
SUBJECTIVE AND EXPERIENCES
RURAL
AND REGIONAL
WORK
MORAL
ECONOMY: ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVES
DIMENSIONS
OF WORK: IMAGES AND
FIGURES
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Num. 24, Summer 2015
COLLECTIVE
ACTION AND UNION STRATEGIES
IMAGES AND
FIGURES
ON WORK
ANALYTICAL
PERSPECTIVES AND
ETHNOGRAPHIC
STUDIES
SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION AND WORK
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Num. 23, vol. XVII, Winter 2014
WORLDS OF WORK:
IDENTITIES AND PRACTICES
OCCUPATIONAL SEGMENTATION:
POWER RELATIONS
AND STRATEGIES
SETTINGS POWER
AND POLITICS: CHARACTER AND
REPRESENTATIONS
CONSTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE
ACADEMIC FIELD
AND EDUCATIONAL
PROFILES
DIMENSION ECOLOGICAL
AND CONFLICT
SCENARIOS
ETHNICITIES:
TERRITORIES AND
SUBJECTIVITIES
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N. 22. Summer2014
RURAL WORLDS: IDENTITIES AND PROCESSES
URBAN SCENES: DOMESTICITY AND RELIGION
EDUCATION
AND EMPLOYMENT
WRITINGS, TRANSLATIONS, EDITIONS: SYMBOLIC AND POLITICAL POWER
WORK PROGRAMS AND TRADE STRATEGIES
CHARACTERS
OF A
SOCIAL
CRISIS:
BUSINESSMEN, WORKERS AND POLITICIANS
ANALYTICAL
PERSPECTIVES
AND
EXPERIENCES
ON THE LABOR WORLD
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N. 21, Winter 2013
RURAL
LABOUR
WORLDS:
CHARACTER AND REPRESENTATIONS
URBAN
SCENES: MANAGEMENT,
ELITES
ENTREPRENEURS
AND PROFESSIONALS
CONFIGURATIONS OF THE POWER AND POLITICS
WRITING,
THE MUSIC,
THE
SILVER
WORK
AS
DESIGN
IDEAS:
BUILDING
KNOWLEDGE
FAMILY STRUCTURES:
MARRIAGE
GUIDELINES
AND DIMENSIONS
OFF
GENDER
AND AGE
IMAGES AND MAGNITUDES ON THE WORK
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Num 20, Summer 2013
SOCIAL SCIENCES:
A PROFESSIONAL, CREATIVE EXPERIENCES
AND FRAMES ANALYTICAL
WORK EXPERIENCE LATIN AMERICA: BRAZIL, CHILI, MEXICO, COLOMBIA AND PARAGUAY
COLLECTIVE ACTION AND UNION STRATEGIES
LABOUR
RURAL WORLDS:
IDENTITIES
AND PRACTICES
HEALTH
VULNERABILITY
AND CARE
WORKFORCE
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Num 19, Winter, 2012
WORK
IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
COLLECTIVE
ACTIONTHE
COUNTRY AND THE CITY: WORKING SCENARIOS
INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL MIGRATION
MIRROR OF HISTORY
WOMEN
AND YOUTH: SCENES AND PROCESSES
WORK
IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
DESIGN IDEAS AND CONSTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE
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Num 18, Summer, 2012
THE COUNTRY AND THE CITY: WORKING SCENARIOS
WRITINGS
AND REPRESENTATIONS
ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL DYNAMICS
WORK AND COLLECTIVE ACTION
HOMOGAMY, CULTURE AND BELIEFS
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Num 17, vol. XV, Winter, 2011
MIRRORS OF THE HISTORY
ANALYTIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE SOCIAL DYNAMICS
CONFIGURATIONS OF THE POWER
CONSTITUTION OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES: THE WORKERS AND THEIR PRACTICES
LABOR WORLDS: ETHNOGRAPHIES AND EXPERIENCES
Num.
16, vol. XV, Summer, 2011
CONFIGURATIONS OF POWER IN ARGENTINE
LABOR WORLDS:
ETHNOGRAPHIES AND EXPERIENCES
THEORETICAL
PERSPECTIVES ON WORK AND CULTURE
DOSSIER:
POLITICAL PROVINCIAL PROCESSES IN ARGENTINE
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Num. 15, vol. XIV, Fall, 2010
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Num. 14, vol. XIII,
Summer 2010
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Num. 13,
vol. XII, Spring 2009
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Num. 12, vol. XI, Fall
2009
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Number 11, vol. X, Spring
2008
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Number
10, vol. IX, Fall, 2008
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Number
9, vol. IX, Winter, 2007
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Number
8, vol. VIII, Fall, 2006
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Number
7, vol. VII, junio septiembre, 2005
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Number
6, vol. VI, junio septiembre, 2003
Number
5, vol. V, sept. 2002 Abstracts
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Number
4, vol. IV, 2002 Abstracts
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Number
3, vol. III, winter 1999 Abstracts
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Number
2, II Abstracts
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1, vol. I Abstracts
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Living from art: business models in the economic activity of independent
musicians in Tijuana, Mexico
Redi
GOMIS
e
Iván
CECEÑA
The
work focuses on the study of the economic activity of independent musicians. It
has two main objectives: (1) knowing the strategies or business models that they
deploy in order to obtain income from their cultural proposals, and; (2)
determine how they incorporate information technology into these projects. The
empirical data come from fifteen interviews conducted to independent musicians
of different musical genres that display their work in the city of Tijuana. In
general, they tend to favor the modalities of live performances over the sale of
songs. The Internet, especially social networks like Facebook, is used
fundamentally under the logic of promotion.
Keywords:
independent musician; business models; cultural economic activity; TICs.
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Public policy and its constituent elements: a look from the Social Income with
Work Program - Argentina Trabaja
Cynthia FERRARI MANGO
Public policies, specifically social policies, promoted by the Ministry of
Social Development of the Nation (hereinafter, MDSN) of Argentina from 2003 to
2015 revalued the cooperative and self-managed work. These policies revolved
around the principles of the social economy and the centrality of the territory.
As
of 2009, one of the programs that gained most relevance was the Argentina
Trabaja - Social Income with Work Program that proposed generating jobs through
the establishment of cooperatives (Resolution 3182/2009). The general objective
of this work is to analyze the generalities, antecedents and counterpoints of
the Social Income with Work Program - Argentina Works from its emergence in 2009
under the MDSN until 2015.
The
methodology is qualitative within which various techniques were developed and
was based on the analysis of documents and, mainly, on the bibliographic review.
Likewise, sources of secondary data on program background were collected in
terms of social policies with labor compensation, which were turned over to a
database and analyzed according to their objectives, origins and
responsibilities. This article makes a relevant contribution in the field of
public policy specifically in the area of social policy.
Keywords:
Social policy, cooperativism, Ministry of Social Development, Argentina Work -
Social Income Program with Work
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The Plan de Lucha of the Argentine CGT and the regional dynamics of the unrest
in the Gran Rosario towards the middle of the 1960s
Silvia SIMONASSI
This article analyzes the process of factory occupations carried out in
Argentina towards the middle of 1964 and arranged by the Confederación General
delTrabajo (CGT) as part of a Plan de Luchainiciated in January of the previous
year. It is investigated in the particularities of its application in Gran
Rosario, one of the most important manufacturing zones of the country. Some
features of the dynamics of labor disputes in the región are explored, as well
as the changes produced in the local CGT and the positions assumed by the actors
around the process.
Keywords: working class, factory occupations, unrest, Gran Rosario, sixties
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Police, Democratization and Proximity in Portugal: Ethnographic Essay
Susana DURÃO
Based on a multi-level ethnographic approach, this
article
proposes a reading that shows the contemporary tensions in a policing model that
is centralized and monopolistic by the action of a
thePortuguesenational
State, and simultaneously pulverizes itself in the territorysupportedbyan
operational dynamic located in small police stations. Although the recent
democratic transition has led the urban police to adopt a philosophy of
proximity policing institutional change has several hesitations that point out
how police
stations,local
policing and
officersoften
work without a clear plan of what is its activity,
mantainingresidues
of
a
not
so
distantauthoritarian past.
Keywords: policing, proximity, democracy, policemodel, Portugal
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Ciclos de acaparamiento de tierra y procesos de diferenciación agraria en el
noroeste de Argentina
Carla Gras
Facundo Zorzoli
The complexity of the processes associated with the expansion of agribusiness
requires spatial and temporary detailed situated analysis. In this paper, we
address changes in land tenure and their impacts in terms of agrarian
differentiation in the northwest of Argentina. Drawing upon debates on global
land grabbing, we explore three dynamics that shape them: land valorisation,
environmental degradation and generation of agricultural business models. We
integrate the role of technology and environmental effects in the analysis of
land grabbing. The research is based on qualitative and quantitative methods
(ethnographic work, interviews, field-scanning, and analysis of official
statistical data).
Key-words:
Land-Grabbing, Agribusiness,agricultural business models, Northwest of Argentina
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Convertibility, political performativity and agrarian protest. Of the initial
consensuses and their limits in the Cordoba pampas (1991-2002)
Gabriel Fernando CARINI
The
objective of this article is to provide a tour of some of the dimensions assumed
by the agrarian conflict in the province of Córdoba during the validity of the
Convertibility Law. Our focus will be on collective protest actions, since we
consider it a privileged access road for the analysis of both the demands
channeled to the State and the messages within the representation structure of
the interests of agriculture. Under this assumption, we will take as a guiding
principle the idea that at the end of the hyperinflationary crisis of 1989 -
which marked the emergency phase of a new social regime of accumulation - both
the main areas of negotiation and the conflict networks that characterized the
relational dynamics between government and agricultural entities. In this
context, convertibility emerged as a resource of high political performativity
that allowed successive governments to evade structured demands by a large
majority of the demands of the rural world
Key words:
Convertibility, Agrarian entities, Fields of negotiation and conflictual
networks, Political Performativity
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After the conflict. The parliamentary actions of the Argentinian agrarian
bourgeoisie (2009-2014)
Eduardo Sartelli y Nicolás Grimaldi
In
the following paper, we will undertake a detailed study of the parliamentary
actions of the agrarian corporations over the 2009-2014 period. The aim is to
study the actual existence of the so-called “Group A”. That is, a consolidated
parliamentary bloc, tied to agrarian interests and capable of dragging certain
parties an impose its will. For that purpose, we have, first and foremost,
undertaken a brief review on the project processing linked to the agrarian
sector before the 2008 conflict. Secondly, we will seek to reconstruct which has
been the preparation of the agrarian entities for the elections in June 2009 and
the political actions of the deputies linked to the agrarian sector. For the
latter, we will analyze the economic projects introduced by the deputies from
the agrarian sector in the Commission of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries
of the National Chamber of Deputies, as well as the projects introduced by the
different political parties and its final destination. Finally, we will track
the main discussions and questions between the agrarian entities during the
analyzed period. Looking at the documents, the evidence shows the absence of a
bloc called “Group A”, it also shows that the parties have introduced various
projects, not always linked to a business interest in a specific layer of the
agrarian bourgeoisie, and lastly, that that heterogeneous political actions did
not achieve the approval of any project.
Keywords:
Agrarian bourgeoisie, Parliament, Business corporations, State
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Displacingboundaries: theoretical approaches to a comprehension of total labour
in Chile
Isabel Margarita NÚÑEZ SALAZAR
This
paper aims to problematize the concept of labour from diverse theoretical
perspectives. Incorporating the total social organization of labour’s analysis,
the article revise the principal debates by which has been criticised the
comprehension of labour from an employment’s perspective. On the contrary, the
article invite to a deeply reflexion on some new ways of understanding the total
labour and focalising its interest in bargaining new theoretical perspectives
which has been opening possibilities for innovative and complex comprehension of
labour. The categories of social reproduction, gender perspective and housework
are the main articulators of the reflexion.
Keywords: Labour, care, housework, reproductive work, time
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The Argentine
economy in postconvertibility (2002-2015). A debate on the thesis of
extractivist-primarization
Igal KEJSEFMAN
The manifest aim of this work is to
put into debate the thesis of the reprimarization of the Argentine economy,
usually related to extractivist theses. The relevance of critically addressing
the primary-extractivist thesis is that it was very widespread in recent years
in academic and even political spheres. The question we want to answer refers to
whether the evident expansion of soybeans and other primary / extractive
activities forms a process of (re) primarization of the economy or if it
constitutes the manifestation of another process whose characteristics we
should, in this case, enunciate.
Throughout the paper we will
analyze the external sector and international insertion to account for the
drivers of capital accumulation in post-convertibility (punctually 2002-2015)
seeking to specify the role of the primary / extractive sector. From this we
will discuss the relevance of the notion "(re) primarización", and propose that
to name the characteristics of Argentine capitalism in the first decade and a
half of the 21st century it is more pertinent to refer to "neodevelopment".
Keywords: Argentina, post-convertibility, primarization, neo-development
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The configuration of the union model of Argentina and Brazil in its relationship
with the State (From colony to neoliberalism)
Matías CARO
The present work seeks through a comparative analysis of the history of
Argentina and Brazil, providing a hypothetical explanation of why these two
south American countries have developed different union models. This is how,
observing a more classist and combative trade unionism in Brazil and a more
corporate and negotiating syndicalism in Argentina, we offer as main explanatory
hypothesis that: the difference in the state attitude toward workers'
organizations, mainly restrictive in Brazil and acceptance in the Argentina,
produced a combative unionism in Brazil and corporatist (Peronist) unionism in
Argentina. To base our hypothesis, we will add to the analysis the specific
treatment of the development of public sector unions in both countries.
Key words:
Unionism – Class unionism – Corporatism – Argentina – Brazil.
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Federalism is no excuse: Argentina's provinces and social rights
Horacio Javier ETCHICHURY
This article intends to demonstrate that each Argentinean province has a duty
to respect, protect and fulfill a broad set of social rights. This includes
rights enshrined in its local constitution; rights recognized in Argentina’s
constitution and international treaties ratified by Argentina, with or without
constitutional rank; and rights established by federal authorities in use of
powers transferred to them by the provinces. This conclusion is based in
constitutional supremacy and provincial powers to enact local constitutions. The
article rejects the use of federalism as an excuse to exempt Provinces from
their duties with regard to social rights. In addition to that, the article
stresses the relevance of these legally binding rights in connection with social
policy design and analysis.
Keywords:
social rights; federalism; provincial constitutions
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The role of actors in the return to public control of
Aerolíneas Argentinas.
Public enterprises and nationalization policies in Argentina after 2001
Manuel YAÑEZ
After the Argentine crisis of 2001, a series of changes occurred in the
relations between the State and the market that, among other aspects, were
expressed in a growing importance of public enterprises.
However, the nationalizations did not imply a general public policy; on the
contrary, nationalizations coexisted with the continuity of former privatized
enterprises.
In
this paper, we present an analysis of these processes based on the case study of
a particular public company: the airline Aerolíneas Argentinas. Based on various
sources (documents, newspaper articles, laws), we approach chronologically the
period prior to the nationalization of the company in 2008.
We
focus the analysis on the role of the different actors (such as unions, private
groups and government agencies) in the stages of formulation and adoption of the
public nationalization policy of Aerolineas Argentinas.
Keywords:
public enterprises, nationalizations, State, Argentina
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Staring at the others: inclusion and pessimism on Connecting Equality Programme
assessments
Magdalena LEMUS
In
this paper we analyze how teenagers from the upper-middle class understand
privilege and deprivation. In order to understand how they value access and use
of digital technologies and their views on inequalities, we interviewed high
school students from La Plata (Buenos Aires province, Argentina) and asked them
their opinions on Programa Conectar Igualdad.
Our
findings show that young people have different opinions on Connecting Equality
Programme and the people who benefit from it. While some value positively the
Programme, others consider it to be a waste of money and an inefficient strategy
to diminish inequalities. Youth opinions are linked to how they value digital
technologies in their own lives but are also linked to with their opinions and
expectations on public policies and politicians. Finally, this paper aims to
contribute to the study of public policies by highlighting the multiple ways in
which they are received by different people.
Keywords:
Inequalities – digital technologies – young people – deprivation - privilege
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The relevance of the Work in the Theory of communicative action by Jürgen
Habermas
Juan Alberto FRAIMAN
This article deals with the relevance of the work in the theory of
communicative action of the German thinker Jürgen Habermas. Our treatment is
part of the general debate on the issue of whether the "work" is a central
theoretical category or relevant in contemporary social theory. From a number of
references on the typology of social action and a conception of society in two
planes, such as system and life world, arrive at a dual notion of work to be
recognized as the backbone of the theory of communicative action.
Therefore, work, will occupy a central place in a theory of society that tries
to overcome the assumptions of a philosophy of consciousness and there take a
linguistic and intersubjective basis. Ultimately, recovering a dual notion of
work, will express the tensions, conflicts and even paradoxical relationships
that are inscribed in the core of Habermasian social theory.
Keywords:
work; communicative action; intersubjectivity; critical theory.
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From political history to gender studies: the historiography on the world of
labor in the first half of the 20th century in Buenos Aires
Ludmila SCHEINKMAN
The aim of this paper is to revisit the historiography on the world of workers
in the years prior to the irruption of Peronism in Argentina, to ponder some of
the parameters from which they have been looked at, and are studied again today.
In order to do this we reconstruct the general outlines of the field's research,
from the earliest militant interpretations to flourishment of social history.
Secondly, we address the contribution that gender studies have made to the
historiography on male and female workers. Finally, we review the current trends
in historiography, to propose some lines of analysis or possible bridges to
think this field of studies from a social and cultural history revitalized by
gender studies, to expand a notion of class that has been rigidly anchored to
the productive space.
Key words:
historiography; Workers; labor movement; Left; Gender studies
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Persistent searches: intensive use of drugs, outpatient treatments,
daily life and self-care
Ana Laura CANDIL
This paper focuses on the description of a cluster of practices conducted by subjects intensive drug users to themselves –caused by–transit public outpatient treatment to reduce and/or exclude intake in
disadvantaged contexts. To this end, I summarized and problematize analytical notions of self-atention, self-control and self-care; and listed practices of care and self-control of problem drug users living in
segregated neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The research was conducted under the guidelines of qualitative methodology, specifically the ethnographic approach in an interdisciplinary outpatient and
public health institution.
Keywords: intensive use of drugs, outpatient treatment, self-care, disadvantaged populations.
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The environmental issue in Latin America: a reading on Enrique Dussel
César Augusto COSTA
Carlos Frederico LOUREIRO
The
essay discusses the contributions of the philosopher Enrique Dussel for the
environmental issue and the process of struggle in Latin America from the
perspective of "no rights" from the point of view epistemic and political. Aims
to understand the political proposal of Dussel about the reality of
environmental struggles linked to the process of expropriation on three
occasions. At first, we will reflect the origin of the modern world-system and
the implications of this historic process for the environmental issue. In the
second, we will analyze the relationship between the environmental issue, the
social struggles and their process of expropriation in Latin America. In the
end, we will examine how the environmental issue in the political debate and
expanded the social struggles in the light of the philosophy of Enrique Dussel,
viewing the historicity of the victims of the world-system or "no rights"
expropriated by the Eurocentric matrix and exclusionary.
Keywords:
Latin America. Enrique Dussel. Social struggles. Environmental issue. Without
rights.
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Labor Subcontracting in Argentina: Antecedents, Regional Context and Integral
Regulation Proposal
Sebastián ETCHEMENDY,
Guillermo GIANIBELLI
y Juan Manuel OTTAVIANO
There is today in Argentina an important body of studies on the impact of labor
subcontracting in different sectors of the economy and on workers. However, the
studies carried out from the sociology of work, and the analyses and regulatory
proposals made from the institutional and legal spheres, have run in separate
lanes. The main goal of this study is to complement both approaches. Taking as
input recent analyses from labor sociology, which illuminate the heterogeneity
of the phenomenon of subcontracting as a key point, the article makes a
regulatory proposal that accounts for this multiplicity of situations in the
labor market, and aims to counteract the levels of precarization that labor
outsourcing entails today for large masses of workers.
Keywords:
Labor Subcontracting, Sociology of Work, Labor Regulation
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Evolution of the thought of Raul Prebisch in the conformation of the
structuralist theory
Noelia
GURMENDI
The
present work intends to examine the foundational approaches of the structuralist
theory, which bears the imprint of Raúl Prebisch, who not only inspired and
directed it, but also drafted it to a great extent, conferring its unmistakable
style. Convinced of the urgent need to create a coherent set of ideas to analyze
and think in a specific way the phenomena of Latin America, Prebisch built his
own thought from a vision of economic development and the international
insertion of the region.
Keywords:
structuralism, center / periphery, development.
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One constitution, two republics: federalism, liberalism and democracy in the
constitutional thought of D. F. Sarmiento and J. B. Alberdi.
Guillermo E. JENSEN
In
the present work we will analyze the different projects of constitutional
realization of D.F. Sarmiento and J.B. Alberdi in Argentine constitutional
moment (1852-1860), projected under the same federal Constitution, liberal and
republican. To do this, we will recover some methodological approaches and tools
that will allow us to better understand political theory in constitutional
thought. Then we will analyze comparatively the proposals of constitutional
realization of Alberdi and Sarmiento referred to the federal organization, the
different conceptions of liberalism that informed their proposals and the place
of democracy in the project of republic of both authors.
Keywords:
Constitutional history, republic, federalism, liberalism
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State, workers and employers in the informal employement of argentine’s apparel
industry: 1975-2018
Gustavo LUDMER
Currently, approximately 60% of those employed in Argentine sewing work under
informal conditions. This problem was extended by the crisis that the national
industry went through as a result of neoliberal policies applied during the
seventies and nineties. The bankruptcy of companies led to the destruction of
thousands of formal jobs, many of which went into the informal sector in
clandestine workshops, a problem that has not changed significantly in the last
fifteen years. The objective of this paper is to answer the following question:
What was the role of the State, workers and the business sector in the extension
of labor informality in the Argentine garment industry? In recent decades,
predatory competition has taken place, driven by successive cost reductions
through evasion of social charges and non-compliance with safety conditions. The
poor unionization weakened the power of the workers' collective. The State
played a double role: on the one hand, diverse economic policies led to the
crisis in the sector; on the other, the bodies responsible for inspection and
for guaranteeing compliance with labor regulations reduced the intensity of
controls, an element that made it possible to extend the problem to current
levels.
Keywords:
informalemployement, apparel industry, neoliberalism.
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A Confinement in the Confines: Ricardo Roja’s Archipiélago as an Americaniation
of the Inland
Alejandra MAILHE
This
paper explores an imaginary representation of the “Inland”, as is deployed by
Ricardo Rojas in his essay Archipiélago (1934), in order to think Tierra
del Fuego as a border area, riddled with temporalities and cultural substrates
in conflict with each other. Rojas transforms this region in a space, which is
saturated with socio-cultural connotations which are linked to past and present.
Besides Rojas elevates this region to a sinécdoque of the inland of the totality
of the country and even to a model of the American dimension of Argentina, which
is blocked by other social discourses. The paper also reflects about the
esoteric experience of the “initiatory journey” which is implicit in Roja’s
essay, which is attuned to the imaginary representation of the journey in other
author’s essays, which are linked to the Antipositivism and the Reforma
Universitaria, as in the case of José Vasconcelos. The paper also reflects on
the esoteric experience of the “initiatory journey,” which is implicit in
Rojas’s essay, attuned with the imaginary representation of the journey in other
authors’ essays linked to antipositivism and the Reforma Universitaria, as in
the case of José Vasconcelos. Besides, this text
contrasts the idealization of the “lost” indigenous world, in Archipiélago,
with the vision deployed by other authors such as José Imbelloni, which are
central in the consolidation of the scientific anthropology in Argentina.
Keywords:
Ricardo Rojas – Archipiélago – Tierra del Fuego – Indigenism – José
Vasconcelos – José Imbelloni.
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Psychosocial Risks in the Academic Profession: An interpretative analysis of the
discourse of Argentinian academics
Lucas PUJOL-COLS, Mariana FOUTEL y Luis PORTA
The
academic profession has turned into a highly stressful occupation, which
increases the relevance of studying the psychosocial risks that affect scholars
in higher education institutions. So far, the majority of prior research on
psychosocial risks in the context of universities has measured the prevalence of
generic taxonomies of psychosocial factors, thus neglecting to a considerable
extent the consideration of other context-specific psychosocial variables that
may be affecting the academic profession, particularly in Argentina. Drawing on
qualitative evidence collected from eight in depth-interviews with scholars from
an Argentinian public university, this article explores six specific categories
of psychosocial risks affecting this sample of Argentinian scholars. The results
revealed that increasing job demands such as high work overload, double
presence, and feelings of distributive unfairness, along with insufficient
levels of fundamental job resources such as career opportunities, external
feedback, and participation in decision-making are the main psychosocial risks
affecting the participants of this study.
Keywords:
Psychosocial risks; University; Higher Education; University Teachers;
Qualitative analysis.
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César Aira in Interviews: Building a Writer’s Figure (1981-2001)
María
Belén RIVEIRO
This
article focuses on how César Aira builds his writer's figure from the moment his
first book is published (1981) until 2001, year when I identify numerous
indicators of a growing prestige. The documentary work I carried out allowed me
to compile interviews granted by Aira published in periodic publications of the
Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Therefore, I was able to analyse the meaning of
the image of hidden writer Aira is usually identified with. This article studies
Aira's account, his answers in interviews, as an object of study in relation to
his trajectory and the literary field with the focus on the various meanings
assigned by Aira himself. I have built a periodization divided into three
moments to analyse how Aira presents himself in public as a writer, and I have
used terms Aira himself has introduced: the avant-garde writer, the personal
myth, and the silent writer.
Keywords:
sociology of literature, writer's figure, Argentine literature, literary field
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Trade union model and inter-union conflict in Argentina (2008-2013)
Cecilia SENÉN GONZÁLEZ
David TRAJTEMBERG
Carla BORRONI
Lucía Montenegro LOEWY
Keywords:
Inter-union conflict; trade union model; public sector; private sector;
Argentina
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The social valueofwork in a borderzone: the case ofwomenbagayeras in
Tartagal, Argentina
Areli VELOZ CONTRERAS
This
article focuses on the social value that is given to the work done by women "bagayeras"
in a border zone, that of Tartagal (Argentina) - Yacuiba (Bolivia). Through
qualitative methodology, based on the observation and interviews techniques, we
discuss what categories, such as gender, race, class and nationality, intersect
in the work activity, which has been redefined by political and economic changes
in the last years. This study intends to give an account of the cultural and
social valuation of the work that is embody, through the intersection of
categories, in specific bodies and where the border zones destabilize and
reinforce them. The argumentation arises through the conceptual discussion about
the border and the value of the work; later Tartagal is described as a border
zone. Subsequently, reference is made to the control of the cruise of goods and
the forms of work of women in the border zone. It is concluded that the moral
configuration that produces a border zone legitimizes the value of unequal work
expressed in concrete bodies and activities.
Keywords:
social value, work, bagayeras, border zone, Tartagal.
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Boys, casual labour (and sometimes swindle). Precarious
jobs experiences in Universal Child
Allowance beneficiaries in Catamarca province
Cecilia Melendez, Claudio Urbano y José Yuni
In
this work two phenomena that are present in an articulated way in the life of
young people from vulnerable sectors are analysed. On one hand, it is school
attendance based on social policies that accompany high school level compulsory
education. On the other hand, it is the early incorporation into casual labour
which prefigures socio-biographical and educational personal development marked
by precariousness. The policies of conditioned transferences for young people up
to the age of 18 that demand school attendance and the increase of casual labour
reinforce the tensions between inclusion and exclusion. Through the
reconstruction of three cases of young people from Catamarca it is described the
relationships that young people from vulnerable sectors develop with social
protection, casual labour or illegality as survival strategies. Furthermore, it
is considered the representations that emerge from those relations and form
their own social identity. The material for analysis consists of a corpus
revealed by focused groups of high schools students in Catamarca province and
observation register. The strategies that young people develop in the
relationships and activities in order to survive as an exercise of
anti-establishment movement or what is the same, the remainder of empowerment
generated by the same policies under those life circumstancies.
Key words:
high school, young people, policies of conditioned transferences, precariousness
labour.
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Aesthetic surgery as a technology of gender. Going
beyond the “cultural dope” model and the “female agent” approach
Marcelo Córdoba
The
purpose of this article is to present an analytical approach to the practice of
aesthetic surgery understood as a “technology of gender”. To this aim, it moves
on to a critical exposition and a comparative analysis of two emblematic
researches on the practice: The Face and Plastic Surgery (1974), by
anthropologist Frances Macgregor, and Reshaping the Female Body (1995), by
sociologist Kathy Davis. The article argues that, although Davis’ “female agent”
approachhas advantages over Macgregor’s “cultural dope” model, the former
nevertheless presents certain problems of a conceptual and a political kind. To
illustrate these problems, it underscores the reiteration of some of the
presuppositions of the "female agent" approach by the hegemonic media discourse
of normative femininity, specifically, women's magazines. This is why the
article concludes affirming that it is convenient to adress the analysis of
aesthetic surgery with foucauldian tools, which allow to conceptualize it as a
biomedical device of subjectification, going beyond the dichotomy between the
celebration of the patient’s assumed agency and the lamentation of her as a
passive victim of patriarchal structures.
Keywords:
Cosmetic sugery, technology of gender, female agent, Female beauty culture,
Feminism, Subjectification
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Enemies or guarantors of freedom? : The problematization
of trade union issue in the field
of Argentine liberalism (1955-1976)
Victoria Haidar
This
article aims to rebuild the divergent and even contradictory readings that the
“trade union question” aroused in the field of Argentine liberalism between 1955
and 1976; pointing out also the convergent arguments and valuations. On the
basis of a review of a corpus of documents, we distinguished three positions of
enunciation: firstly, we consider the work of spreading the neoliberal position
that is radically “anti-union”, carried out by the “Centro de Estudios sobre la
Libertad”. Secondly, we characterize the “pragmatic” point of view which, in
relation to trade unions, held Álvaro Alsogaray, an economist and politician
identified with the also neo-liberalism’ “social market economy” approach.
Thirdly, we discuss the reflections that, pondering the contribution that unions
can make to the configuration of a pluralist democracy, as well as the dangers
of their ascendant political influence, were articulated by a set of young
catholic-liberal intellectuals that were formed in the field of law and social
sciences.
Keywords: Trade Union Question; Liberalism; Neoliberalism; Argentina;
Post-peronism
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Niños que luchan.
Photography as historical source to study subordinate
classes’s struggle
Guillermina Laitano
This
text presents an analysis of the Niños que luchan photographic
exhibition. It refers to a conflict for decent affordable housing leaded by the
Asamblea Sin Techo in Mar del Plata city between 2008 and 2009. The analysis
pursues, as a first objective, to rebuild the exhibition’s production context,
namely, submit his author, and to analyze the forms and meanings from which it
was built. Secondly, exhibition’s analysis in itself is presented, with the
objective to give an account to ordinariness in the subordinate classes’s social
struggle process. Also, in the context of both objectives we describe the
photography´s utilization potentialities as social and historical inquiry’s
source are presented, as well as certain methodological precautions necessary to
take into account when working with photographs analytically.
Keywords:
recent history, social conflict, historical source, photography, documentalism.
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Among the precariousness and self-management:
reconfigurations in the subjectivities inherent workers in fishing
companies recovered from Necochea and Quequén (Argentina)
María Luciana Nogueira
Work
occupies a central place in the subjective configuration and social
organization, being a cultural production that promotes subjects insertion into
relational and community plots and allows a "to do with" objects and others,
from dimensions of instinct and wish.In the current socio-economic system,
capitalism, premium wage labor, which involves suffering, degradation,
oppression, alienation and precariousness for workers. However, there are
experiences that show chinks that allow to question and rethink the
subjectivities of the workers.
In this framework we analyze speeches of workers in the fishing industry
Necochea and Quequén members enterprises recovered. After the first stage of the
struggle, once achieved labor continuity through a self-managed mode starts the
path of labor organization in the field of production, from where subjectivities
rewire their positions and their link to the job.
The question that guide exposure is: How are unfold the workers' subjectivities
in the new self-managed work configuration? and it will be addressed based on
interviews to members of labor collectives.
Keywords:
work; subjective reconfiguration, fishing companies recovered
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Cooperativism and young labor inclusion.
A
current Argentine experience
Viviana
Fridman y Analia Otero
Labor inclusion of young people in Argentina calls the current debate on the
major problems and obstacles posed as well as on the prospects to address this
concern with various alternatives. This text aims to present progress of an
ongoing investigation in which we study the case of the Cooperative Posta de San
Martin as an experience that realizes an alternative work linked to the social
economy, gestated at the beginning of the decade 2000 in the context of profound
changes on restructuring in the organizational forms of wage labor.Here you
interested investigate the genesis, evolution and dilemmas facing as well as the
dynamics of production and labor organization of the cooperative in light of its
potential as an experience that brings a large proportion of young workers who
have between 18 and 30 years old. The methodological strategy adopted is part of
the qualitative perspective, working half-structures based on interviews and
surveys. After analyzing a number of features that make the dynamics of this
experience, it can be considered as a training and training and job placement
open to young people without previous experience were identified.
Keywords:
youth, work, cooperatives, social economy
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Political action and corporations under the
kirchnerist administration:
the case of Sociedad Rural Argentina (2003-2008)
Nicolás Perez Trento
Along the years of the kirchnerist administration, the business associations
have gone through several transformations and realignments, and the direction
and character of their political action have also shifted in comparison to
previous periods. In this paper, we aim to address this issue within the frame
of the first five-year period of kirchnerism, and focusing on the actions of one
of the most traditional associations in Argentina, which represents the Pampas
Argentinian landlords: the Sociedad Rural Argentina (SRA). We will seek to
analyze its behavior in this new political scenario. Specifically, we will look
into the link between the association and the kirchnerist administrations, as
well as the alliances established with other organizations. In order to do this,
we will first characterize the main economic tendencies of this period, showing
that the growth in land rent was appropriated not only by landlords, but also by
other subjects; then, we will review some of the most significant tendencies in
the actions of the different corporations. On this ground, we will finally
analyze the political action of the SRA, dividing it into four periods and
presenting some conclusions.
Keywords:
political action, corporations, landlords, kirchnerism, Sociedad Rural Argentina
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Labour, social and solidary economy and new
technological trends
Susana
R. Presta
The
crisis of 2007 has marked some trends that indicate a new global socio-technical
mutation. Accompanied in the last years by the construction and consolidation of
the subject-entrepreneur and the “entrepreneurship”,
the so-called "emerging technologies" begin to be linked to forms of
organization of the social and solidary economy.
In relation to the aforementioned, this article will focus on the following
hypothesis: the interest and emphasis placed by the public sector and the
private sector, both in the forms of organization of the social and solidary
economy - embedded in the ideas of "entrepreneurship" and
subjects-entrepreneurs-as well as in the social relations they enable, are
linked to new tendencies of socio-technical transformation that imply a greater
decentralization of production, distribution, exchange and consumption in
today's capitalism.
Our work aims to provide a series of theoretical reflections on the orientation
of neoliberalism in today's capitalism, the increasing digitalization of work
and, especially, its interest in the social and solidary economy. We will focus
on the critical analysis of selected authors and documents from international as
well as national organizations.
Key-words:
Social and solidary economy, emerging technologies, labour digitization, social
relations, neoliberalism.
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Gender and social programs: the construction of a new
research agenda
Vilma Paura y Carla Zibecchi
This
paper proposes two main objectives. On the one hand, to inquire about the
conditions of production that made it possible in last decades to consolidate a
field of study related to welfare social policy -in particular, welfare social
programs- from a gender perspective and / or with a feminist approach, which has
demonstrated substantive advances. On the other hand, the purpose is to take
account of an interesting bibliographic corpus, which is part of this field of
study and allows giving visibility to women as central agents in the domain of
social policies.
Keywords:
gender, social programs, research agenda, academic production.
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The Police of the City of Buenos Aires: Official speech,
tensions and divergences around the configuration of a new police force
Elea Maglia y Violeta Dikenstein
On
January 1, 2017, the agreement between the National State and the City of Buenos
Aires materializes. This agreement purposes a gradual and progressive transfer
of personnel, competencies, services and tangible and intangible resources of
the Argentine Federal Police related to not federal matters, to the area of the
city. Therefore, the Police of the City of Buenos Aires is born. More than a
year after its creation, in this work we propose to analyze the configuration of
the new police force from two aspects. From a qualitative approach, based on
in-depth interviews, participant observation in institutional acts and normative
analysis, we focus, on the one hand, on the way in which this force is presented
and defined from the official discourse, that is, from the normative, the
institutional acts and the interpretations of officials of the executive power
of the City. On the other hand, we analyze the way in which this conjunction of
two different institutions is lived bureaucratic and affective, from the
perspective of the transferred police personnel and those who remained in the
federal sphere.
Keywords:
police, technology, transfer, official voice, city police.
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Lexicometric analysis of partisan presses AlternativaSocialistas (MST) and
Prensa obrera (PO), on the political conflict in
Santiago del Estero between 2003 and 2005
César Díaz Brandán
This article seeks to analyze the political conflict that crossed the province
of Santiago del Estero during the period 2003 - 2005, through the lexicometric
analysis of the presses of the left Trots-kyist parties, namely: Socialist
Alternative published by the Socialist Movement of the Workers (MST) and
Workers' Word published by the PartidoObrero (PO).
The analysis includes two levels, on the one hand we examine the intensity that
each publication manifests from the classical perspective of the conflict
analysis taking the elements constituting it (time and intensity) and from this
we can visualize what is the spectrum of the political conflict that manifest
each publication.
And on the other hand, we analyze the set of representative words and the
relational structure of these definitions in the proposed analysis scheme;
managing to identify the discursive scheme through which both publications pass.
In addition, the terms of the Santiago-Trotskyist universe (words they share)
are shown, distinguishing the historical platform and the propaganda in its
opposition function and the equivalents
Keywords:
Political Conflict, Lexicometric Analysis, Left Trotskyist, Santiago del Estero
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Inequality from the top: Analysis of Buenos
Aires’ highest socioeconomic strata (1980-2010)
Gabriela Benza y Mariana Heredia
Even though the analyses of social inequalities assume a relational
perspective, most of research on the subject has focused on lower social
groups. It is certainly the urgency of state intervention that explains this
preference. Nevertheless, understanding and long lasting reversion of social
inequalities requires considering not only disadvantaged but also advantaged
groupes of existing social order. In dialogue with a new international
literature and in order to contribute to the knowledge of Argentina, this paper
aims to analyze social inequalities based on a specific inquiry about the most
favored sectors in Buenos Aires. To this end, 1) evaluates household surveys as
sources for their study; 2) reconstructs the evolution of this stratum between
1980 and 2010 and 3) analyzes certain characteristics of its members. After
detailing the inadequacies of the available sources and demonstrating the
increase in the participation of this stratum in income from 1980 to 2004 and
relative retreat since then as well as the concentration of some attributes in
these sectors is revealed: high educational levels, residential segregation,
high levels of activity and occupations in medium and large companies’
management.
Keywords:
upper class, rich, social stratification, income distribution, inequality.
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Family farming: inclusion and hegemony. Analysis from
local experiences on the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Fernando González y Mabel Manzanal
This paper analyzes the politics of inclusion of family farming (FF) within the
framework of territorial development strategies implemented in Argentina in the
period 2003-2015. The work is structured throughout an interdisciplinary
perspective, with contributions from sociology, political science, anthropology
and geography. Our initial premise is that public policies for FF are part of
the process of building hegemony, and as such seek integration integration of
the subaltern sectors in the economic and social development. This integration
presents degrees of subordination (economic, political and ideological) which
are relevant for analyzing local power relations, which we precisely
investigated from the conception of territory as power. In this context, our
object of study is the policies for FF and the respective territorial
development. The research is based on two case studies from the province of
Buenos Aires (Argentina): Benito Juárez and Coronel Suárez. In them a
qualitative study was carried out mainly through interviews of key informants.
Further information related to the analyzed public policy was also supplemented
through secondary sources from a local, provincial and national level. In this
way, the different actions the state has pursued to include family farmers were
analyzed. Moreover, it was also analyzed how these actions transform the power
relations throughout the different scales they were applied upon. These are in
turn transformations in the territory and in the territorialities, center of our
analysis.
Keywords:
family farming, public policies, inclusion, hegemony.
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Extractivism and education. A critical look at the
secondary education in the province of Córdoba / Argentina
Nicolas Forlani
The
present work aims at reflecting from a critical perspective the link between the
expansion of extractivist production logics and the curricular contents of the
middle school in the territories in which such logics of accumulation by
dispossession occur. In order to achieve this task in this research we will use
an empirical reference: that of the province of Cordoba (a "model" territory in
terms of the expansion of agribusiness in Argentina) and the educational
proposal (the curricular contents) set by the Ministry of Education of this
province for the formation of the students in the middle school. The results of
the research reflect the absence of specific contents capable of dimensioning
the negative impacts of agribusiness as a hegemonic agricultural logic.
Interpretive lines are proposed to understand such deliberate absences. The
paper concludes with the presentation of three approaches (for non-neutral
education, ecology of knowledge, for an education not only critical but also
propositive) whose horizon points to the construction of a postextractivist
education.
Keywords:
extractivism, agribusiness, education, Córdoba / Argentina, agroecology.
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Multidimensional peasant economy: repertoire of
activities and tension
Magali Luciana Paz
The
economy of rural population in Cruz del Eje Department, northwest of Córdoba
state (Argentina) is based on a delicate balance where instability is constant
situation. These groups need a defensive mechanism: household unit, which
efficiently fulfills the task of preserving socio-cultural bonds in sometimes
critical conditions. The goal of this article is to analyze which are the
economic strategies that these domestic units develop and that allow them to
guarantee its members daily survival. This subject acquires greater interest in
a moment in which the area, of ancient colonial settlement and peasant
tradition, has been suffering from the first decades of the twentieth century
the destruction of its self-sufficiency, a characteristic that it had maintained
over time, due to the increasing influxes of agrarian capitalism in the region.
Keywords:
Peasant Household Units; economic strategies; activities’s calendar; commercial
engagement; conflict situations.
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Alfalfa cycle stagnation at Alto Valle in Río Negro.
Spatial configuration and production tendencies from a regulatory vision.
Jorge Andrés Vera y Martín Alejandro Ferreyra
The
current paper presents an analysis of the alfalfa production cycle that has
fostered the origin of fruit growing at Alto Valle in Río Negro and Neuquén. To
such end, firstly the alfalfa production cycle will be described with a focus on
the late 1930´s, when such crop went stagnant and –consequently- gave way to the
emergence of fruit growing in the region. The relative crisis of the alfalfa
production cycle might be taken as a tendency to marginalize the activity, by
creating economic and social habits that might have deteriorated development
possibilities in the region. At this point we will study the impact of
institutional ways on the capital accumulation dynamics, whose regularities have
mostly been passed on from one circuit to another by highlighting the degree of
concentration at the different stages of the production circuit and tendencies
of the trading objective.
Key words:
Río Negro – alfalfa production – regulationism – production cycle
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The Home-School case for the blind Corina Lona and the
development process of the intervention practices on blindness in Salta
Valentina
AHUMADA
In
this work the case of emergence of “Home-school for the blind Corina Lona” in
1930, is reflected inquiring about the actors and the meaning sof the practices
carried out, warning about dinamization of political relations, power
relationships and links between thesespaces. Its enroll in a line of collisions
mades ince social Sciences about the gratuitylike a differentiated social field,
in wich the charity and charity define a significant universo and suppose social
relationships between people who aspire legitimizeits existence insideit. Its
believe that foundational process marked a wayof doing and intervention about
the blind population in Salta. For this reconstruction it was resorted
historical sources (such as newspapers, books, and documents) and also current
members of the institution are interviewed and people who were part of the
establishment, inquiring about the trajectory of it. This article its part of a
wider investigation that reconstructs a long process of development of the field
of social assistance regard ingthe institutionalization of the intervention
about blinds and the blindness.
Keywords:
blindness; intervention; social assistance; charity.
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Life sewn between shreds of cloth: work,
housing and health in Bolivian immigrants
of the city of São Paulo, Brasil
Cássio
Silveira, Denise Martin y Alejandro Goldberg
This
article examines the phenomenon of young Bolivian workers of both sexes who
migrate to the city of São Paulo to improve their living conditions, mainly due
to the possibility of finding better work and higher pay than found in their
country of origin. Most immigrants are uninformed about the work conditions that
they will find at their destination, and sewing is often a viable option for
work, since it guarantees housing, food and a salary. Immigrants, and in some
cases their children, have several health problems caused by unsanitary and
dangerous work conditions present in sewing workshops. A large proportion of
immigrants do not access health centres to treat their problems due to a lack of
knowledge about services, fear, language barriers and mainly because they cannot
interrupt their work day due to the risk of diminishing their income determined
by the quantity of garments that they produce.
Key words:Bolivian
immigrants, São Paulo, Textile workshops, Health-illness-care dimensions
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Labor trajectories and inequalities. The case of
domestic service employees in Santiago del Estero
Lucas Emanuel Torres
This article aims to analyse the employment trajectories of domestic workers in
order to reflect on social and labour inequalities in Santiago del Estero,
Argentina.. As women dominate the domestic labor market, it is necessary to
analyze it considering the employees' own life experiences and their
relationship with their employers.
Through a qualitative study of work trajectories using in-depth interviews to
domestic employees, we have the purpose to analyze dimensions such as: starting
in the activity, responsabilities in the household, and forms of employment
relationship, expectations about them, and varieties of domestic work, seniority
and salaries.
The testimonies of these women provide a range of definitions, from shortages
and aptitudes in order to start in the activity, the undefined boundaries
between tasks, responsibilities and work schedules, the univocity of the
employers regarding decision making, in terms of salaries and ways of starting
in the activity, the lack of social security, the low expectations of social and
labor promotion.
Existing studies in our country about the domestic work industry focus mainly on
the city and province of Buenos Aires, places that have been historical
receptors of labor force for domestic services. However, our province has been a
long-term provider of this labor force, therefore certain situations may differ
between places, considering these as historical and cultural settings where
lasting relationships are established.
Keywords:
Domestic service, labor trajectories, inequalities, labor market
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Christian Democrats and Socialists: labor organization and
Sunday law among dependents of Commerce in the city of Buenos Aires
(1902-1905)
Sabrina Emilia Asquini
This article explores the origin and development of the Dependents of Commerce´s
Union, a very important, numerous and dynamic worker´s guild settled in Buenos
Aires city. It was the first attempt to form a guild by the Christian democrats.
The early intervention of the Socialist Party is another important element to
consider. Because through this experience we can analyze the different
tendencies present in the labor movement which were competing between themselves
to organize to the workers. Finally, the article shows the multiple fights and
claims done bay this trade union to get the Sunday law, between
1902-1905, help us to observe Christian democracy´s strategies in order to
recover lost social space by the Catholic Church during XIX century.
Keywords:
Dependents of Commerce´s Union; Socialist Party; Christian democracy; Sunday
law.
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Work and trade union action in global service
networks.
A view from Argentina (2003-2015)
Andrea Del Bono y María Noel Bulloni
The
article addresses on the question of work in three sectors oriented to the
export of services in Argentina: the provision telemarketing services (call
centers), audiovisual production services and the software and computer services
sector. In each sector, the authors analyses the implications of outsourcing and
offshoring firm strategies on working conditions and labour relations, during
the period of the Kirchnerist governments (2003-2015) are analyzed.
A qualitative and comparative methodological approach is proposed, which include
the combined use of various techniques of registration and analysis of
information, centrally, the analysis of documentary sources and semi-structured
interviews. The results presented here also draws from the fieldwork carried out
within separate sector studies.
In all three sectors,
processes of organizational and labour flexibilization are observed, linked to
the current outsourcing and relocation strategies, which cause instability and
unpredictability at work, with varying intensity depending on the case.
Likewise, the authors observe processes of formalization and improvement of
working conditions that are explained taking into account the protective
orientation of the labour policy, as well as the diverse responses that workers
and trade union organizations articulated at the sectoral level.
The analysis developed is a contribution to the study of the implications off
the insertion in global networks of services on labour and the workers, by
exploring some of the favourable and unfavourable effects inherent to their own
operating logics, but also contemplating the influences exerted by the broader
social relations that determine working conditions and labour relations in each
particular sector, place and time.
Key words:
work; offshoring; global service networks; trade union action; Argentina
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Minimum wages and collective bargaining in wage
determination: interactions between wage policies and
trade union positions
in Argentina and Uruguay
Adriana
Marshall
Focusing in two countries, Argentina and Uruguay, both with a well-established
national minimum wage institution and a predominantly industry-wide system of
collective bargaining covering most of wage earners, in this article I analyze
the relationship between these two coexisting labour institutions during 2003-15
in Argentina and 2005-16 in Uruguay, and how this relationship contributed to
shape the evolution of the minimum wage and of private-sector wages. The study
suggests that, in both countries, in contrast to a widely held belief, national
minimum wage increases do not function as standards of reference for wage
bargaining, and that those two institutions of wage determination operated
autonomously from each other. In each country the evolution of the national
minimum wage differed from that of negotiated wage rates and/or total earnings
and, moreover, their comparative trends differed between the two countries.
These trends may be explained by the interactions, in the context of prevailing
legislation, between state wage policies and trade union attitudes vis-à-vis
both the role of the national minimum wage and state limitations to wage
increases to be agreed in collective bargaining.
Keywords:
minimum wage, collective bargaining, wage policies, trade unions,wages
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Social structure of Argentina, 1976-2011
Nicolás Sacco
Context: despite accumulated knowledge about social classes in Argentina using
multiple approaches and based on different data sources, there are not known
studies that start from an aggregate point of view, using population censuses,
to allow the continuation of the historical series of analysis of
Germani-Torrado. Objective: to complement, continue and update studies of social
structure from a global and long-term perspective. Sources: population censuses
from 1980 to 2010 and Permanent Household Survey. Method: update of the
classification scheme of social classes of Torrado. Results: the information
constructed shows significant changes in the class structure under the period of
analysis, in the different universes of observation, differentials in both
regions and in real cohorts and in the long term. There was a decrease in Middle
classes between 1980 and 1991 and its stagnation in 2001 and a continuous
decrease in the Working class throughout the period 1980-2001, with a
concomitant growth of Marginal workers. With the little evidence available,
these trends are reversed by 2010.
Keywords:
social structure; social classes; occupation; economic models.
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From personal to collective. Demands of justice of
the Civil Association
Mothers of Pain the City of Buenos Aires.
Roxana Santamaría
Since the restoration of democracy in 1983 and with greater force in the last
two decades, the word impunity has become of current use in Argentina to
designate crimes that have not been duly tried and eventually punished by the
corresponding judicial instances. From civil society, this situation led to the
emergence of various associations of relatives of victims of violent acts, who,
through different practices of collective action, installed in the public space
their criticisms and protests for what they considered bad developments of
institutions formally charged with preserving public safety and providing
justice. These are associations that develop their actions in a general context
in which legitimacy and trust in public institutions is strongly questioned, a
situation that has probably favored and stimulated their initiatives and
recognition in the public space. In this text, our object of analysis is the
conformation and dynamics of the Civil Association Mothers of Pain of the City
of Buenos Aires, placing in the focus of attention the process by which the
individual search for justice was transformed into organically organized
collective actions.
Keywords:
Mothers of Pain Association - collective action - legal system
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City, Urbanism and Social Change. Theoretical-Conceptual
Itinerary of a Socio-Anthropological Journey: The “Chicago School” and Gino
Germani
Juan Ignacio Trovero
The
present paper proposes a theoretical-conceptual aproach to the elements with
which some authors of the so-called “Chicago School” (Robert Ezra Park, Louis
Wirth and Robert Redfield)have thought the urban phenomenon; in order to, then,
identify links with the empirical studies carried out by Gino Germani in the
late fifties, about the process of urbanization in Argentina. We propose a
review of certain key-texts aimed at, first, calibrating the disciplinaryties
between sociology and urban anthropology, and then, at contributing elements to
reconstruct a scheme for the study of the city. For this, we rely on two
hypothesis. The first one holds that between the authors of the “Chicago School”
there are not only affinities and divergences, but, above all, mixtures,
assemblies, combinations. The second postulates that the echoes of the Chicagoan
studies in Germani’sresearch work on Buenos Aires are neither few nor
superficial. We understand that thereby we can account for the itinerary of a
double journey (interdisciplinary and spatial-temporal), which speaks more
of a simultaneity of problems and a myriad of perspectives, techniques and tools
for its approach, than of a phenomenon of simple reception or translation of
methods and theories.
Key-Words: City; Social Change; Urbanism; Urban Sociology and
Anthropology; Chicago School; Gino Germani.
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The use and management of the Universal Child Allowance (AUH):
between the "ought to be" and the economic autonomy of women
Ariela Micha
The
Universal Child Allowance (AUH) is a non-contributory benefit implemented in
Argentina in 2009, aimed at children (under 18 years old) of workers in the
informal sector or unemployed. This policy includes conditionalities in
education and health. Although it was not explicitly stated at the outset, among
the adults collecting the transfer the percentage of women was very high,
reaching a 98% in March 2016 (ANSES, 2016). Currently, as the Decree 614/2013
states, women are explicitly privileged to collect the money.
The designation of women as the recipients of the transfer led to the debate
about the role of women who act as the intermediaries between the State and the
children, who are the final beneficiaries. Several studies problematize women's
responsibility in fulfilling the conditions and hence the naturalization of
their role as caregivers. In spite of this maternalism inscribed in the design
of the policy, its effects and forms of appropriation by the women are diverse.
This paper intends to contribute to this debate by focusing on the perceptions
and experiences of the women who are heads of the AUH (designated as recipients
of the transfer) in terms of the use and management of the transfer, and their
ambivalent meanings. The potential gain in economic autonomy is explored,
through a perspective that emphasizes the social meaning of money. The
methodology used is qualitative, within the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires
(AMBA).
Keywords:
Universal Child Allowance; AMBA; Gender; Economic empowerment; Economic
autonomy; Social meaning of money.
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From political history to gender studies: the
historiography on the world of labor in the first half of the 20th century
in Buenos Aires
Ludmila Scheinkman
The
aim of this paper is to revisit the historiography on the world of workers in
the years prior to the irruption of Peronism in Argentina, to ponder some of the
parameters from which they have been looked at, and are studied again today. In
order to do this we reconstruct the general outlines of the field's research,
from the earliest militant interpretations to flourishment of social history.
Secondly, we address the contribution that gender studies have made to the
historiography on male and female workers. Finally, we review the current trends
in historiography, to propose some lines of analysis or possible bridges to
think this field of studies from a social and cultural history revitalized by
gender studies, to expand a notion of class that has been rigidly anchored to
the productive space.
Key words:
historiography; Workers; labor movement; Left; Gender studies
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Popular and labor wills. The case of Confederation
of Workers of the Popular Economy.
María Antonia Muñoz
The
article analyzes the relationship between the labor policies of different
governments and social organizations, with an emphasis on the singular case of
the Confederation of Workers of the Popular Economy and Kirchner's governments.
The main hypothesis is that the latter focus their logic of action on one that
is “popular”. They do not lay on a social and defined identity or a corporate
demand. Rather, it constitutes itself as a collective that establishes an
antagonistic relationship and one horizon or a universal political project,
where the relations of force are crucial in order to understand the results of
these. The paper present an analysis of the nature of the Kirchner`s governments
from the point of view of labor policies and social inclusion. They will be
characterized not only as a work but also as a State-centered model. The
resulting contradictions in there are a political opportunity for the emergence
of the popular orientation of the CTEP. At the same time, the nature of the
organization is presented as a symptom of the weakness of that model. Finally,
it will be studied the tensions that emerge after 2017. In spite of the change
of government and the regressive social and labor context, the labor
organization achieved some successes in regard of their demands. This article
uses quantitative and qualitative data.
Key words:
labor policies, Confederation of Workers of the Popular Economy, Trade Unions,
popular organization.
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The functional distribution of income in Argentina
(1993-2016)
Esteban Ezequiel Maito
In
this study, we estimate the national wage share by constructing series of
average wages and salaried employment for the total economy, on the basis of
particular estimates for formal private and public as well as unregistered
employees. Wage share recovered during post-convertibility years, even
surpassing the levels of the nineties. On the other hand, we estimated the share
and the mass of the operating surplus of the total economy to obtain a complete
picture of functional distribution during the last decades. The estimates were
made considering the recent revision of INDEC's series of gross domestic
product.
Keywords:
income share, wage share, wage, operating Surplus
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The evolution of the textile industry in the
central-west region of Mexico: “From the sewing shop to the stalls”
Armida
C. García y Octavio Maza Díaz Cortés
In
Mexico, there are certain municipalities and communities that are reknowned for
the quality of their textile production. The textile and clothing industries
have played a significant role in driving capitalist economic development in the
country. Their development has been constant and uninterrupted, with a strong
global presence, but they are struggling to maintain their particular
characteristics and cultural components. However, there exists data that show
economies with a longstanding tradition of textile production move slowly toward
patterns where the tradeplays the predominant, determinant role. During
the 1980s, the expansion of maquiladora-origin textiles defined a “second
economic axis” in regions and communities that suffered a decline in their
economic activities (primarily in agrarian sectors). Their “economic domain
reorganization” as based upon the traits and competitive advantages found in the
local economies of each region, creating patterns of productive specialization,
driving employment and the economy. For decades, the market and industry were
concentrated in large urban centers. Today, the mass movement of people,
products and things from one place to another leads to easier access to a
diversity of national and international merchandise, transforming patterns of
trade.
Keywords:Textile
industry, maquila, regional trade, trade flows.
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The problem of approximation in "proximity
policing":dilemmas of the "pacification" experience of favelas in Rio de
Janeiro
Palloma MENEZES
This article deals with the problem of the approach involved in the
so-called "policing of proximity" that was implemented in 38 Pacifying
Police Units launched during the last decade in Rio de Janeiro. This study
was based on ethnographic research and in-depth interviews with residents,
police officers and traffickers from three slums between 2009 and 2015. The
first sections of the article deal with past traumas and uncertainties
regarding the future of the project, which have fostered mutual mistrust
since the beginning of the pacification process and have made it difficult
for police and slum dwellers to approach. The next section deals with the
"approach tools" that were fleched by UPP officers during "pacification".
And the last part of the work deals with the exemplary case of the first
commander of the UPP. The central argument of the work is that the actions
undertaken by this police officer, to some extent, summed up the "spirit" of
the UPPs' project and the dilemmas of "pacification", since they
articulated, on the one hand, activities of repression of crimes and of
planning of the territory of the favela; and on the other hand, preventive
actions, based on the attempts to approach the favela population.
Key words:
urban violence, crime, policing, pacification, favelas, Rio de Janeiro
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The political protagonism of tradeunionism and social movements inSouth
America
Esteban IGLESIAS
The paper intends to analyze the political protagonism of tradeunionism and
social movements in Brazil, Bolivia and Argentina, considering them to be
witnesses of the South American scenario inso far as they represent
different ways of political transformation: institutionalist, rupturist and
intermediate. In this sense, it describes the way in which institutional
spaces of political dialogue were generated in Brazil and, as a result, the
recognition by the State of the main trade union centers, which gaverise to
a situation of "unionpluralism", certainly new. In Bolivia the
transformations were of greater magnitude, producing nationalizations of
companies and, also, the modification of the National Constitution, an open
process that altered the political architecture of the State. Finally, in
Argentina the political gravitation of tradeunionism and social movements
was confined to the institutional arena, being remarkable the collective
agreements of work and the offer of the national government to manage
governmental programs.
Key words:
social movements, politicalparties, unions, State
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Questioning the authority. An analysis of the public
claims of the police family in the province of Buenos Aires and the City of
Buenos Aires
Santiago Galar
The objective of the work is to characterize the participants, the forms and
contents involved in the claims produced in the public space by actors
linked to police institutions, particularly the Federal Police with
operations in the City of Buenos Aires and Buenos Aires Provincial Police.
For these purposes, we carry out in-depth interviews with members of the
so-called “police family” who usually raise complaints in the public space,
we participated in protests called by these actors and we reconstructed
public conflicts through the completion of an exhaustive graphic press
registry. In the exercise of claiming in the public space tensions arising
from a double belonging of the actors are visible, as members of a
democratic society that grants rights to its citizens and as members of a
hierarchical institution that has inequalities. Including demands for rights
according to the process of democratization experienced by society as a
whole, the claim constitutes for the actors a moment of questioning the
limits imposed by the institution, although it does not necessarily express
a demand for “demilitarizing” the police.
Key Words:
collective action, police, public space, protest, activism
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Whatis
a police? a study on the representations of
police work
José Garriga
Zucal y Elea Maglia
Wepropose in this article ananalysis of the police representations on their
work tasks. As a result of an ethnographic work - at the Cadet School of the
Argentine Federal Police – we discovered that three dimensions of police
work always come up: sacrifice, vocation and Police state. These milestones
of self-representation allow us to reflecton police work through two
different, butre lated, paths. On the onehand, we are interested in
accounting for the continuities and ruptures of representations of
policework to other professions. On the other hand, we are interested in
accounting for the valuation strategies of police work - moral operations –
that allow police officers to rank their tasks and make police work a
non-work.
Key words:
police, sacrifice, vocation, police state
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Qualitative analysis of the political-electoral task from the
experiences of the polices of a police station
in Asunción, Paraguay
Carlos
Peris Castiglioni
Whenexamining
thee xercise of the Paraguayan National Police, most of the speeches focused
on criticizing the institution under a passive execution logic. It has been
projected to officers who only limited themselves to followorders, those
were no more than a service tool of the power of duty. The present study
pointedoutth at this perspective is deficient, proposing that, in addition
to the directives of the superiors, the experiences, concepts and ideas of
the agents would also come in to play. Thus, it was proposed to demonstrate
that the policing would be composed of the daily life of each of its
members. For this purpose, the chosen scenario has been a commissioner of
the City of Asunción-Paraguay, during the elections of the Republican
National Association. The work was carried out in November of 2017 where,
following the qualitative method of in-depth interviews, they inquired in to
their perceptions in the political and, as you are, they configured a
characteristic type of performance. Asking about their experiences,
definitions, motivations and expectations, there search was based on two
experiences: one established from the impressions of the police chief and
another, based on an investigation together with two mid-level police
officers. The main conclusion obtained was that depending on the position
occupied in the ranks, the political was lived in various ways, one that
marked a type of action beyond the demands or commissions of the command
structure.
Key words:
politics, Paraguay, pólice, labor, election
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The local government of public security.
The Unidades de Policía de
Prevención Local of two cities located in the Gran Buenos Aires
Mariana Da Silva Lorenz y Pugliese Ornela
In
the present work we intend to investigate some aspects related to the
emergence of the Unidades de Policía de Prevención Local (UPPL). The
regulations that create these security forces establish general criteria for
their homogeneous application through out the territory of the Provincia de
Buenos Aires but also enable the different districts to delineate particular
initiatives. The importance of the role of the local government in this
security policy allows that it acquires unique characteristics in each
territory. For this reasonitis interesting to be able to compare different
UPPL and analyze what their similarities and differences are, see how in
each districtthe general guidelines are applied and the particular
initiatives are deployed. Here we will focus on some similarities that we
find a mong the UPPL of two cities of Greater Buenos Aires in which we
carried out fieldwork. In both locations we find that the police officers
mark the same elements as characteristic of the irwork: they are a law
enforcement agency for prevention and proximity, their job is permanent,
islearnt in the practice, there are differences between the tasks done in
the streets and those more administrative done in the police station and,
finally, a similar way of under standing the relation with their fire arms.
Also an other thing tha tallthe UPPL have in commonis that they don'thave a
rigid and vertical hierarchical system. The considerations set forth in this
article are the product of a field work that consisted of interviews with
officers and chiefs of the UPPL as well as the authorities of the security
area of the two cities. We also read and analyzed the laws that regulate
this institutions, as well as documents and official communications of the
local governments of bothtowns.
Key words:
unidades de policía de prevención local, local governments, police, politics
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City, security and territory: structuring trends in
San Luis (2004-2017)
Emilio Seveso
The present work proposes to describe and characterize the security policies
applied in the province of San Luis (Argentina) during the last years.
Specifically, it refers to the series of strategies that emerged between
2004 and 2017, interpreted through local productive changes, the
transformations of urban life and the modes of interaction. In this way, it
tries to establish an interpretative link between these processes, the
modalities of territorial regulation and the structuring conditions of the
cities. Beyond the specificity of the case investigated, the importance of
the study lies in problematizing a dimension as relevant as "security" from
a relational point of view that overflows to the phenomenon as a closed
field. It incorporates social and urban dimensions, practices and
sensitivities, that reveal continuities with other Latin American cities of
medium scale; especially, referring to new habitat conditions and living
experiences, structured around economic, political and cultural changes.
Key words:security,
city, territory, San Luis, police
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Policeworkpolitization in Buenos Aires.
Gendarmes and local policefacingproximitypolicing
Sabina Frederic
In Buenos Aires since 2003, police and gendarmes increased geometrically.
Many of these uniformed people were deployed in neighborhoods, towns and
commercial area sunder a new policy: proximity policing. This was a means of
redistribution the expanding public force, both in Brazil with the creation
of the Pacification Police Units justified in a "community police" model (Menezes,
2014) and in the world, promotingco-production of patrolling between
uniformed and neighbors (Durao, 2012). Our ethnographic research with Local
Police and Gendarmes, involved in this policy, shows how police work was
politicized due to the historical moral value of the political links forged
in the approach of state agents to the neighborhood community and its
neighbors (Frederic, 2017); and by the inscription of the uniformed in
pre-existing socio-political plots. This policy introduced the uniformed in
the exchange of services, support and recognition, before just reserved to
officials, leaders/militants. In addition to conflicts in driving,
difficulties of adaptation, or internal discrimination, which went through
its protagonists, the research shows the ambivalence that the politicization
of police work imprints both on a military or civilian force.
Key words:
Police work, morality, politicization, militarization, ethnographic
comparison
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Women workers in the printing industry during sixties and seventies: union
participation, contentious agency and genre discourses
Pablo GHIGLIANI
The paper is based upon the following proposition: the relations of economic
exploitation are simultaneously complex and changing relations of domination
and subordination, among and within classes. With this paradigm as
intellectual horizon, the paper studies the growing mobilization process of
female workers of the printing industry between 1966 and 1976. It is
organized in three parts: a) a quantitative study of the evolution of the
presence of women in the headquarters of the la Federación Gráfica
Bonaerense, the competing electoral lists and the shop-floor committees
between 1966 y 1975; b) the quantitative and qualitative study of the women
agency in the labor conflicts of the period; and c) a qualitative analysis
of how the female is discursively treated by the trade-union magazine.
Key words:
Federación Gráfica Bonaerense, printing industry, working class,
trade-unionism, gender
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The role of educational degree in the recruitment and internationalization of managerial elites in Uruguay: between cultural openness and social closure?
Miguel SERNA
What is the role of educational degree the recruitment and trajectories of senior executives of large companies? How does it relate to the strategies of internationalization of business elites?, What specific and common features can be found in business executives of Uruguay in Latin American comparative perspective?
The article aims to analyze the role of educational degree in the recruitment of managerial elites by a sociological perspective. The paper focuses on careers of executives of corporate companies in. Uruguay compared with several Latin American countries in recent decades. The paper presents advances in a study of the educational background of senior executives of the largest companies in Uruguay based on biographical trajectory analysis.
It is based on a double interpretation found in the specific literature, on the one hand the increasing incidence of cultural capital and the internationalization of educational degree and competences for management careers. On the other hand, the processes of internationalization of companies and management training do not replace the traditional mechanisms of selection of managerial cadres of companies related to social capital - trust relations at the top - and their local territorial roots.
The analysis of the Uruguayan case suggests that it is a type of managerial elite that combines a plural recruitment in the access with progressive educational and social closure mechanisms which contribute to the social cohesion of the ruling groups.
Keywords: managerial elites, cultural capital, business recruitment
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Understanding contemporary identities from
Foucault approaches
Oscar Martin ROSERO SARASTY
The article upholds identity conception as a matter of articulation between
forms and positions that are defined from the view of institutionalities for
those subjects and practices of relation that exist whith himself and
determine particular shapes of self-constitution of their subjectivity.
Aproaches from Stuart Hall and Michelle Foucault regarding the double
condition of subjection/subjectivation from which subjectivities and
subjetcs are constructed, are used as foundation. This perspective tries to
overcome essentialist visions, of coherence and stability to considerer
identities as a complex, dispersed framework linked to the historical
conditions and contexts in which they are built; issue that turns out to be
of interest to understand identities in the context of varied and volatile
conditions of contemporany life.
Keywords:
identity, subject, subjection, subjectivation.
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Kultur or race. A historical comparison of the
thought between Spengler and Hitler
Pablo Ramón CABRERA
From 1850 until the First World War, therise and splendor of bourgeois
mentality is given.
After the "Great War", this is quantitatively expanded thanks to therise of
themasses, but converged in a qualitative crisis, questioning many of its
foundations. From this context, the political crisis of bourgeois mentality
that combined liberalism, republicanism and democracy against the onslaught
of two ideologies that in turncollide with each other, fascism and communism
occurs.
Noting the German reactionary modernism, placingit in its historical
context, try to analyze the assumptions and ideological positions of two
contrasting them concerning this current: Oswald Spengler and Adolf Hitler
According to Spengler his era is that of The Decline of the West, far from
the masses, the cities, thes cientific-rationalinanimate. To which opposes
the option of redeeming the heroic war, the sensitivity of German Kultur,
the Prussian socialism and anoutlet through a Caesar.
Then observe the work of the self-proclaimed Führer, Mein Kampf, analyzing
their conceptual network of political thought, the founding myths of Nazism,
hiscriticism of parliamentary democratic institutions and theory that lead
to a praxis: the biologist racism and "struggleraces".
Key words: Germany, interwar, Spengler, Hitler, crisis, Kultur, Zivilisation, race
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Between deskilling, immaterial labour and
intellectualization, where does the working classgo?
Facundo LASTRA
The aim of this article is to analyse the transformations of the working
class under capitalism, by relating the tendencies towards the deskilling of
workforce, the emergence of immaterial labour, and the intellectualization
of a part of the working class. With this purpose, were view the
contributions by Marx to these questions and the interpretations of his
writings made by Harry Braverman and posworkerism. Firstly, the chapters
from Capital dedicated to the study of cooperation, manufacture and the
modern industry are reviewed. Then, the analysis by Braverman is discussed,
pointing out some of the limits of his ‘deskilling thesis’ and identify ing
the lines of continuity between the ideas of this author and the ones from
Capital. Additionally, the fragment on machines from the Grundrisse is
reviewed, emphasizing the contradictions of this fragment in comparison to
Capital and Braverman’s theses. The interpretation of the Grundrisse made by
the posworkerismis analysed, highlighting the continuity between posworker
ist theory and Marx’s ideas. Finally, this article puts forward an
interpretation of the two writings by Marx studied in this text. We argue
that it is necessary to interpret both Capital and the Grundrisse together,
in order to grasp the trends of differentiation and universalization, which
coexist with in the working class.
Key words:
Working class, posworkerism, deskilling, Braverman, economic,sociology
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The suburb, theState administration and the mobilizations. The
experience of Movimiento Evita, in a municipality of
the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires (2004-2015)
Francisco
LONGA
This paper analyzes the experience of a contemporary social movement in
Argentina, from the 'dilemma' raised by the academic literature about the
limits and potential of integrating the State by social movements. For this,
I focused on the Movimiento Evita, formed in 2004, that after a political
accumulation exclusively from outside the State institutions happened to
integrate its militants to the State structure from its adherence to the
presidential governments of Nestor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández that took
place in Argentina between 2003 and 2015. This study focuses on the
relationships built by the movement from the outside and from the inside of
State institutions, in the municipality of San Fernando, in the north
suburbs of Buenos Aires province. The article aims to transcend the binary
division between inside and outside the State, to show the mixturated
dynamics the movement displayed in the studied municipality, which
contemplated negotiations, integrations and confrontations with the
municipal State structure, from the adherence or the opposition respect of
the different governments who occupied it.
Key words:
Social Movements, State, Local Perspective, Argentina
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Social protest and labor conflicts. The case of
theworkersmovement of Gran La Plata 1969-1972
Agustín
NAVA
This article aims to contribute to the study of the characteristics and
dynamics presented by the movement of social protest and political
radicalization that occurred in Argentina during the sixties and seventies.
Focusing our attention on a particular kind of struggles that developed:
those made by the working class in the period between 1969-1972, in the
region of La Plata,Berisso and Ensenada, studying them through a methodology
based primarily on the quantitative method. . The purpose of this paper is
to present through a quantitative analysis, the general map of labor
conflicts in the Gran La Plata, with the objective of establishing the main
patterns, trends and characteristics of the struggles of the labor movement
in the period 1969-1972. We have divided this paper into two sections. In
the first of them a panorama of the labor conflict is presented in the most
general sense we have used. At this point, the analysis is not limited to
only one of the manifestations of conflictivity (strikes), that although
they are central, do not exhaust themselves the complexity of union and
political action of the working class. In the last section, however, we will
deal specifically with the dynamics of strike activity of the regional labor
movement, trying to establish the factors relevant to understand their
movements and features.
Key words:
social protest, labor conflicts, quantitative analysis, Gran La Play
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Partial reinstitutionalization in the post-convertibility
employment regime: employment, wages and unions in the soybean chain
Regina VIDOSA
From
a regulationist perspective, this investigation analyzes the way in which
the wage form the post-convertibility accumulation regime
materializes in the main links of the soybean-oilseed complex. Specifically,
sectoral dynamics stand out over those of the overall economy, in terms of the
main indicators of the labor market -employment, type of employment, salary-.
Furthermore, the correspondence or not between the dynamics of the different
links of the chain and the national scale is associated to the particularities
observed in the labor institutions in which they are framed. For the development
of such objectives, the work analyzes secondary sources of academic,
journalistic and normative origin -of diverse state orders-. Accordingly, the
analysis results in a heterogeneous dynamic between the different links of the
chain. The partial re-institutionalization of the labor market, shaped by
Argentina’s new employment regime of 2003, shows certain influence in the labor
indicators of the industrial links of the soybean complex. On the contrary, the
agricultural sector denotes a relative autonomy, whereas the level of
employment, its quality, and the recomposition of wages manifest a very uneven
marginal path, regarding the overall economy. Likewise, this paper exposes that
these so dissimilar paths could be linked, among other aspects, to the
differences observed in working conditions, which derive from sectoral
negotiations between the parties involved: the State, the private business
sector, and the workers, represented by their unions.
Key
words:
soybean chain, labor market, labor unions
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“Subjects” to organization: associative and political
practices in rural development in Jujuy and Formosa, Argentina.
Carlos COWAN ROS y Matías BERGER
To
promote organization between subaltern rural population is a constant aim in
theories and strategies of argentinian rural development agencies and NGOs. In
this paper, we reflect about associative and political practices produced as
result of relationships between subaltern rural population and rural development
agents framed in several development projects since 1990 decade to recent days.
Ethnographic method and case study strategy were used to described two social
networks, one located in Jujuy and the other in Formosa. Through comparision we
observed regularities and singularities of each case and contribute in
methodological aspects to organization process studies. Main conclusions point
that associative ways promoted by development agents, far from remain autonomous
and uncontamined, they overlap on preexisting structures and, in struggle
processes, reconfigure them as an effect of relationships based on different
logics, representations, life paths and organizational ways.
Key
words:
social networks, social mediation, peasants, public policies, rural development.
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Labour precarization in the State and degradation of
labour power: analysis in workers linked to the implementation of social
policies
Fiorella
CADEMARTORI
The following essay shares reflections about the mercantilization relationship
that linked the State with workers related to social policies implementation
trough the analysis of work process. As empiric input for the analysis, is it
retrieve the trends that mould the work`s process of Social Workers of Buenos
Aires, in the period subsequent to the contrareforms toward the
Argentinian State in the `90 decade. As part of the trends to consolidate the
precarious labour conditions, is it affirm that, based on this the State advance
in control and disciplinant strategies of greater specialization and subtlety
manage to workers above its orbit. Is it emphasize in this essay, what is
concerning to the degradation of labour power as disciplinant labour mechanism.
Keywords:State,
Social workers,Work process,Degradation of labour power, Control and labour
disciplining.
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Social Work’sfeminization: implications for today’s professional
identity and profile construction in students and
teachers from the University of Buenos Aires University
Julieta NEBRA
The
aims of this article are both to describe the feminization processin the
academic discipline of Social Work at University of Buenos Aires throughout its
history, and to explore this process’ implications for today’s professional
identity and profile construction.
To
achieve this, quantitative data from census and electoral registers have been
analyzed and have enable a comparative gender-perspective study of the student’s
population since this training course’s origins until now. At the same time,
considering that the process of feminization implies not only women majority,
but also stereotyped assumptions and practices, gender distribution of teachers’
posts have been examined.
Bearing in mind that the construction of a profession and of a professional
profile is achieved within the imaginary and the representations of the people
who are part of the field, these quantitative data have been coordinated with a
qualitative approximant from analysis of Social Work students and teachers’
discourse of their own interpretation of the profession’s profile.
Semi-structured interviews and self-managed surveys to Social Work students and
teachers have been carried out. Finally, this work shows a historic continuity
in the professional feminization process with an increasing masculinization of
the teachers’ hierarchy within the course itself.
Keywords:
Social Work, feminization, history, imaginary.
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Time and income poverty in Argentina
Carla ARÉVALO
This study incorporates a temporal dimension into poverty measurement using the
LIMTIP methodology on data from the Unpaid Work and Time Use Survey collected by
the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INDEC) in 2013. This innovation
allows identifying both people with insufficient income to achieve a minimum
level of well-being, as well as those with long working hours and / or with a
high intensity of domestic work that affects their well-being. It is a
methodology that aims to generate useful results for orientating courses of
action that harmonize labor market, demographic structure of households and
social policies with a gender perspective. Among the most important findings we
can mention that LIMTIP affects men and women at very similar levels, In
addition, the gender of the household head is not a determinant of poverty
LIMTIP. Therefore, the evidence suggests that poverty that affects women or
households led by them has different drivers beyond their gender.
Keywords:
Time
use; Poverty; Gender; Well-being.
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“The transfer of value and human degradation in the
companies of the automotive cluster from México”
Carlos Alberto JIMÉNEZ BANDALA
Andrés de Jesús CONTRERAS ÁLVAREZ
This
paper aims to explain the processes of labor precarization as a sine qua non
condition of neoliberal phase that allows companies with low organic composition
of capital to generate enough value to transfer it to companies with high
organic composition. Performs from the analysis of the labor conditions of the
operating workers of a supplier company in an Automotive Cluster from Mexico. A
qualitative methodology demonstrates that labor conditions are not only
precarious but also inhuman, they degrade the work content and all the
attributes of the subject, take it to the extreme point of reification in such a
way that it is denied both the physiological and biological characteristics.
Key
Words:
Labor Precarity, Outsourcing, Participatory-Action Research, Automotive
Industry.
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Implications of automated processes in customer
service and teller positions in the
banking industry
Alicia BALLESTEROS CARDONA
Tania GARCÍA RAMOS
The
purpose of this article is to critically examine recent quantitative and
qualitative research addressing the advantages and disadvantages of the
technological transformations in banking transactions. On one side, these have
speed-up transactions and minimize costs for banks. On the other hand, have
produced serious psico-social implications in the customer service experience,
including the reduction of teller positions. Different factors influencing
customer perceptions and satisfaction are presented, on what is defined as
“quality of service”. At the end, the importance of establishing a balance
between electronic services and face to face interaction is emphasized. This
includes actions that address the precariousness of the teller position.
Key
words:
Automation, Banking Industry; Customer Service; Critical Analysis
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Training of workers and dispute of knowledge in large
corporations of the automotive and steel sector: the management pedagogy
Claudia
FIGARI
This article analyzes the concretization of management prescriptions and their
implications in the formation of the workers’ subjectivities in subsidiaries of
large automotive and steel companies located in Argentina. The pedagogy of
management takes center stage in order to model a subject that adheres to the
values of collaboration-with the company- and of corporate citizenship.
In the factory scenario the concretization of the global / global framework is
promoted from the articulations between the corporate pedagogical agency and the
so-called labor competencies. These competences, which express corporate
knowledge, interact in the everyday work with the technical expertise that
workers have on a daily basis in providing cooperation. Management employs
complex real-time "capture" devices for such expertise. This operation enables
the enrichment and contributes to consolidate the corporate standardizing
andcertifying apparatus.
The article emphasizes research
findings made in large corporations in the last decade.A
qualitative strategy has been used, and observations, visits to plants,
individual and group interviews with workers and union delegates have been made.
We have produced an important
corpus made up of secondary sources, for example sustainability reports produced
by the companies (at corporation and subsidiaries levels), collective labor
agreements, various materials used for the training of workers.
Keywords:
Corporations, Hegemony, Corporate pedagogical
agency, Knowledge, Subjectivity,
Global / local map
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"Very Noble and Loyal" city of Santiago del Estero. The
"mother of cities" and the IV Centenary of its foundation
César Daniel GÓMEZ y José Vicente VEZZOSI
Several publications appeared in the late 1940s, revived the debate about the
founder and date of founding of Santiago del Estero city. In the figures of
Alfredo Gargaro, Junta de Estudios Históricos de Santiago del Estero president,
and of Fray Mercedario Eudoxio de Jesús Palacio, was incarnated aguirrista (who
maintained that the foundation was made by Francisco de Aguirre in 1553) and
pradist (argued that Nuñez del Prado had been the founder in 1550) thesis
respectively.In 1952 the province government, under command of the Peronist
Francisco Javier González, entrusted to Academia Nacional de Historia the task
to dictate about it. The failure favored the position promoted by Gargaro, and
enabled the institutionalization aguirrista discourse and celebrations
commemorating the IV Centennial in 1953 that were attended by President Perón.
This paper analyzes the process of consecration of a specific report of the
foundation that is framed in the enunciation of a discourse on identity in a
moment of consolidation of Peronism in the province, with the aim of considering
the use and the meaning that the different actors involved gave to these
speeches, focusing on the one that was built from the government of the
province. It is maintained that beyond the identification of the date and the
founder with some particular current, the celebratory framework emerges as a
conjuncture that would have allowed a picture of mutual legitimation between the
political and the historical.
Keywords:
Santiago del Estero fundation, identity discourses, peronismo
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The biographical studies of the unitarian party
before and after Caseros
A prosopographical approach
Ignacio ZUBIZARRETA
The present work aims to reflect on the phenomenon of Unitarianism according to
the results of a prosopographic study. Through it, we seek to make an analysis
that allows to understand the development of the faction through time and
bearing in mind several features such as the origin of its members, their
occupation, destiny of exile during Rosas period and their political positions
after Caseros. Prosopographic approaches have served to confirm more clearly
some general claims of historiography, but also to question old, firmly
established beliefs. In this way, we will try to indicate to what extent the
tools of prosopography have served us in both cases. In turn, our working
hypothesis lies in demonstrating that nineteenth-century factions function and
cohere for two reasons: common unity of purpose and a relatively stable set of
actors. When one or both variables cease to be operative, we can consider that
the faction ceases to exist, as will happen with Unitarianism after Caseros.
Finally, in the conclusion, we return to the main ideas of the writing and
incorporate an analysis on the historiographical issue linked to the general
problematic of nineteenth-century factionalism in Latin America.
Keywords:
prosopography, Unitarianism, factionalism, political history, 19th century
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Horizontal networks and workers' democracy: unification
of squad of clasistas delegates in Cordoba, 1973-1974
María Laura ORTIZ
This paper is part of a doctoral research in history, which was aimed to
research the emergence of clasista unionism in historical perspective, analyzing
its processes of change and continuity in the period 1969-1976 in Cordoba. In
this particular article, we will analyze the forms of organization of clasistas
rank and file associations, which took various forms according to the historical
periods and the horizons of possibility. Specifically, attention can be paid to
those constituent features that differentiated them from other traditional trade
union models. We start from the hypothesis that clasistas rank and file
associations were governed by a horizontal form of organization, commonly
referred to as "union democratization". Here we will address the experience of
unification of a Squad of clasistas Delegates of the main mechanical and
metallurgical factories of Cordoba: Renault and subsidiaries, FIAT and Perkins.
All of them were in different situations and with different possibilities, but
with the common objective of sustaining the organization of clasistas workers.
Keywords:
clasismo, unions, rank and file associations, Córdoba.
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Defining policing profession
Mariana LORENZ
This
paper seeks to investigate the representations that the members of the Policía
Federal Argentina (PFA) build about their work. Policeman, in general, think
their task is risky, permanent and vocational. To this we have to add some
formal elements included on their regulation and aspects of the institutional
organization: unlike any other worker, they must observe their rights,
obligations and prohibitions always; also, they have a salary during the
training period. In addition, through its institutional speeches, the PFA urges
its members to sacrifice for a higher cause and defend the common good rather
than their own interests. All these aspects collaborate so that officials
understand their task as a service, mission or status differentiating it from
any other.
Keywords:
Work, Policía Federal Argentina, Risk, Vocation, Service, Mission
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Home, Family and Social Science: traces of
Frédéric Le Play in Argentina between centuries
Paula Lucía AGUILAR
The
article systematizes a set of quotations to the works of Frédéric Le Play
(1806-1882) in between XIXth and XXth centuries and analyzes them in relation to
the specific forms adopted by the debate on the so-called social question in
Argentina. The text has four sections. First, a semblance of the work and
trajectory of Frédéric Le Play, reviewing the most usual forms in which his work
was included in the historical account of Sociology. Second, it considers the
references to Le Play and his work in Argentina in the last decades of the
nineteenth century within the discussion between liberalism and Catholicism.
Third, the article highlights the elements of his perspective considered at the
beginning of the XXth century for the scientific study on the living conditions
for workers and their families. Finally, we resume some elements useful to study
the articulation between the social sciences, the home and the social question.
Keywords:
Frédéric Le Play, Social Question, Sociology, Home, Family
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Recovered factories: the senses of everyday work
organization
Nicolás DZEMBROWSKI
Recovery processes of companies for their workers in Argentina are presented as
a spread in the number of cases and the geographical location as well as the
breadth of economic sectors in which developing phenomenon. The beginnings of
this form of association are found in the late nineties, but with greater
intensity in early 2000. Moreover, there are historic precedents in our country
about the existence of processes in which workers took some kind of
participation in production management.
In this paper I will analyze the way / the workers / is recovered factories and
companies will bring to their everyday work practices. Thus, the aim of this
paper is to analyze the relationships of production starting configured
recovery, defined as the ways in which workers are positioned relative to its
peers and work. One of the epidermal issues of this process on the speech
expressed as the dilemma of not wanting to be employed but also become
employers. This statement has numerous and varied connotations that are observed
to analyze the configuration of production processes and decision-making that
characterizes these experiences. The hypothesis guiding this work is that this
configuration is not merely a way of doing it is shaping the
way-of-being-in-the-world that these workers acquire when passing through the
experience of this specific type of association.
Keywords:
workers cooperatives, recovered factories, associativity for work
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Public policies to family farm in Argentina
during the period 1990-2015.
New and known items on the agenda for discussion
Lisandro FERNÁNDEZ
The aim of this paper is to analyze the main features of Public Policies for
family farm on two different historical-political contexts of Argentina.
Centrally, research covers the period of 1990-2015. For the accomplishment of
this study we rely on documentary sources, qualified informants and a
bibliographical analysis.The
research distinguishes two phases. The first -during the 90s- is characterized
by deregulation of agricultural state institutions, in which a set of programs
designed to offset the increase in rural poverty were implemented. In a second
phase, which began with the devaluation of 2002, and particularly after the 2008
agrarian conflict, Public Policies enabled greater degree of institutional
integration and visibility of family farm, together with changes in the
objectives and instruments of programs destined to it. The analysis of the
overall process allows observing changes and continuity of public policy for the
sector.
Keywords:
agricultural policies, rural development programs, family farm.
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Partners in front of agribusiness. The integration of Avellaneda’s
Agricultural Union (AAU) and the Argentinian
Cooperatives Association (ACA) (1990-2010).
José Martín BAGENETA
The
aim of this paper is to describe, analyze and interpret the institutional
relationship that maintains the Avellaneda’s Agricultural Union (UAA) with its
second-level organization, the Argentinian CooperativesAssociation (ACA) in
relation withthe changes generated by agribusiness in the period of expansion on
the marginal region of Great Argentinian Chaco (GChA)(1990-2010). The concepts
of agribusiness territory, integration, autonomy and complementarity are
articulated to study what happened. The hypothesis is that the integration of
cooperative entities results a profitable organizational form for each
organization in front ofthe territory of agribusiness. Once analyzed the
trajectory of each organization, the historicity of the relationship is studied
using qualitative historical documents, statistics and interviews. The purpose
is to advance into the complexities of integration. A milestone of this
solidarity with agri-business is in 2005 the installation of Puerto Vilelas
(Chaco) and the subsequent links with their particular strategies and meeting
points.
Key words:
cooperative integration, Argentinian Cooperatives Association, Avellaneda’s
Agricultural Union, Agribusiness.
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An approach to labor trajectories of mechanical and
manual workers in cotton harvest. Chaco, Argentina.
Germán ROSATI
This paper asks about the place of waged workers in the agrarian social
structure. The case of cotton harvesters in Chaco state is studied.
Particularly, it analyzes manual and mechanical worker´s labor trajectories
(stability, sector of activity, qualification, etc. of job positions). These
trajectories constitute an indicator of the worker´s function in social
structure, as they allow an approach to the different forms of labor market
competition. The main empirical source is a set of interviews to workers in
which labor histories are reconstructed.
Key words: labor trajectories, Chaco, cotton
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The political conceptions of the constitutional reform
of 1949: the visions of Peronism and the Unión Cívica Radical
Sabrina AJMECHET
The 1949 constitution, approved under Juan Domingo Perón’s first presidency, maintained the principles of representative government: it did not introduce corporatist principles of representation or modify
he tripartite division of powers. Nevertheless, it laid the dogmatic bases and dealt with the institutional articulation of a type of government different from that imagined in 1853.
Under the premise that it was necessary to overcome the deficiencies of the representative-liberal regime, the Peronist goverment proposed a constitutional design based on an organicist visión of politics.
This redefinition produced substantial modifications both in the idea of representation and in the very definition of democracy. From the analysis of the positions expresed during the debate of the Constitutional
Reform by the Peronists’ and Radicals’ legislators we will analize some basic political conceptions: How did they imagine political representation? How did they define democracy?
How did they define the characteristics of a good goverment?
Key Words: Argentinian Political History, Peronism, Constitutional Reforms, Politica Concepts
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Supporting this project.
An ethnographic study on union-State relations.
Sandra WOLANSKI
In
this paper I present an analysis on union-State relations, through an
ethnographic study of FOETRA, the main telecommunications union in the
Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. Following proposals in Political Anthropology
that discuss the reification of the State, I describe interactions between union
activists/leaders and State representatives/agencies, and their meanings, to
show the complexity of relations that could be simplified as heteronomous,
or pro-government. I analyze the activists' perspective on union-State
relations as a joint construction of a national project, describing its
complexity in the everyday practice of union activists and in a long-term
perspective that they take into account. Finally, I intend to contribute to an
anthroplogical analysis of the State as a process in the making, showing the
active part workers play in State construction.
Keywords:
Trade Unions, State, Ethnography, Kirchnerismo
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Governmentality, work and youth. Analysis proposal
for a renewed look on youth labor inclusion and its devices.
María Gabriela BRANDÁN ZEHNDER
During the course of this article we seek to account the major changes occurred
at labor that have been imported, among other issues, a radical transformation
in the manner that work and even its subjects are governed. Even more, we
consider that the new ways of govern work implies the development of specific
devices, like public policies and programs, in which we specifically will repair
at those that are oriented to young people. We understand that in the national
context, the emergence of youth employment issues as a central topic in
government agendas, and also in the research agenda of the country, has gained a
major place in the recent years. In order to introduce a new key of analysis to
understand this phenomenon, we present the perspective of governmentality as a
grid of intelligibility proper to approach the interpretation in the field of
labor, as it emerges as the predominant form of exercise power over subjects
under the neoliberal rationality.
Key words:
governmentality, public policies, youth, labor, subjectivity.
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Labor struggle, dynamic of strikes and forms of worker
organization in the wood industry of Buenos Aires city, 1916-1921
Walter L. KOPPMANN
The
aim of this paper is to analyze the different forms of labor struggle that the
woodworkers unions adopted between 1916, which is approximately the year in
which the economic crisis of 1913 in Argentina started to reverse, and 1921, the
year in which the general strike and the protest cycle ended. In between those
years, several strikes and demonstrations took place in this country. In order
to achieve this objective, we are going to make a brief review of the different
struggles that occurred during this period of time. We are going to try to
determine the way in which the production process influenced the morphology of
the union body. In addition we are going to analyze the central role of the left
currents in the making of the working class.
The particular study of the wood industry allowed us to perceive some phenomena
that usually go unnoticed. In the last part of this article we are going to
investigate the importance of the jewish community in this industry. Last, we
will summarize some conclusions.
Keywords:
woodworkers, protest cycle, labor struggle, production process, union body,
lefts
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Youth militances in the 1980s: approaches to youth
participation in the argentine democratic transition
Pablo VOMMARO y Alejandro Cozachcow
The article presents an approach to the study of the forms of youth activism
during the democratic transition in Argentina between 1981 and 1987. We propose
that the study of this period is central to understanding the peculiarities and
some of the common features that acquires youth mobilization in later years.
Thus, when approaching forms of youth participation in these years they are also
identified some characteristics that acquire links between youths and policies
in the nineties and also, with more visibility, after 2001. A reconstruction
work on militancy and youth participation during 1981 and 1987 is done on a
review of the literature, focusing on two dimensions. The first one, seeks to
identify the main characteristics of youth participation between 1981-1987,
according to the points made in the scientific works produced in those years and
in more recent analysis. Second, we propose some analytical lines that allow an
approach to the knowledge on the major milestones of youth participation in the
period, and also problematize the production made.
Keywords:
Youths, Politics, Militancy, Participation, Democracy, Transition
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Insult and Subjetivity. The constitution of youth
subjectivities in the suburban neighborhoods of Misiones.
María
Luz ROA
The
article investigates the constitution of stigmatized subjectivities in young
yerba mate harvesters (tareferos) who reside in peri-urban neighborhoods
of the cities of Oberá and Montecarlo (Misiones province, Argentina). It focuses
on the existential particularities of being in a investive world, analyzing the
trajectories of young people in their interaction with the neighborhood, school,
family and yerbal. To carry out these objetives, we analyse data constructed in
eight ethnographic fieldworks in cities and yerbales of Oberá and Montecarlo
between 2008 and 2013. It is argued as a hypothesis that children and young
people are socialized traumatically in a cultural world organized around a class
racialization relations in which there is a conjugated stigmatization of 1)
mestizo and por population, 2) tarefa aesthetic styles, and 3) suburban
neighborhoods. Thus, during the childhood they resist to identified as black=tareferos,
Yaré=dangerous neighbors, creating an contradictory interior home where it is
assumed the tarefero being.
Key words:
subjectivity, tarefa, rural youth, stigmatization, agricultural workers.
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The Metal Workers Union during the first Peronism:institutional
development and organizational dynamics
José MARCILESE
This work intends to study the operation of the Unión ObreraMetalúrgica (UOM)
during the first Peronism. An entity that during the 1945-1955 period
established itself as a complex union and national projection , by applying the
model union branch of production . In that sense, this study will be interested
in inquiring about the internal dynamics of the UOM, in order to understand the
sense of internal relations, the links between the various stages of the
organization and how the organization relates to Peronism.
Key words:
Peronism, workers, Unión Metal Workers
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Disability
policy and 'paradigm shift? Reflection from the
case of persons with physical impairments begging on the north of Chile
Carolina FERRANTE
From
a qualitative research conducted in Region II of Chile -located in the north of
the country on disability policies and practices begging for people with
physical impairments, this article discusses the diagnosis that affirms the
existence of a paradigm shift in the consecrating the subject of a human rights
approach. Far from this postulate, the recovery of view of key actors of
disability, people with impairments begging and citizens who give them (or not)
alms, evidence exclusion processes and in / social validation produced by an
ambivalent state, that, in the context of neoliberal social relations, promotes
a symbolic market of personal medical tragedy. In the same -from pity /
almsgiving exchange identifications and supportability mechanisms that reproduce
the domination of people with impairments and an unequal society occur.
Keywords:
alms, disability policies, a paradigm change personal medical tragedy.
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Bringing justice to international trade? An
introduction to the Fair Trade initiative
Juan Ignacio STARICCO y María Ayelén NARANJO
Both, the growth experienced by the Fair Trade sector in the last years and the
expectations of its further expansion, make of this system a tempting
alternative for small producer organization and firms in order to access
international trade. Different firms and organizations have been producing under
Fair Trade’s standards for more than 10 years in Argentina; however, local
academic production has still not made an attempt to systematically analyze this
phenomenon. The goal of this article, hence, is to offer an introduction to Fair
Trade, explaining its historical origins, working logic and main tools. In order
to substantiate this presentation, we resort to the case of the Argentinean wine
industry.
Keywords:
Fair Trade, certifications, wine industry
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Work and health conditions of vegetable planters
from a Brazilian municipality
Stênio
Trevisan Manzoli
Aparecida Mari Iguti
Inês Monteiro
This exploratory study aimed to identify the profile, lifestyle and health and
working conditions of workers from a small establishment/ producer property in a
municipality of Minas Gerais - Brazil, with 53 workers, and the questionnaire -
Questionário de dados sociodemográficos, estilo de vida e aspectos de saúde e
trabalho – QSETS were used for data collection. Most
were young (mean 28, 8 years, ranging from 17 to 60 years); male, married, with
children; 75.5% had up to seven years of schooling (fundamental incomplete
education) and 86.6% had a formal employment relationship. The majority reported
activities in the main stages of crops, planting, cultivation and harvesting.
Issues related to working conditions and the use of the body was reported:
permanence in long tiring postures, standing, crouching, weight bearing and
repetitive movements; and 39.6% were exposed to agrochemicals. Regarding health,
43% of workers reported some type of illness and 60% of those who had pain in
the last six months or exposed to pesticides, considered their health worse or a
little worse than people of the same age. The research allowed us to describe
the work in the vegetable culture, identifying the need for the adoption of
preventive measures, in particular in the questions of the musculoskeletal
system and exposure to pesticides in order to prevent illness.
Keywords:
Occupational health, Working conditions, Rural workers, Life style
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Secondary education in institutions dependent on public
universities: teaching perspectives that consolidate their prestige in Brazil
and Argentina
DI PIERO,
Emilia
MATALUNA, Mariana
In this article we present the results of two doctoral researches, examining the
views of teachers of schools in Brazil and Argentina dependent on public
universities about the prestige of their institutions. In this sense, we intend
to study the ways in which these teachers build and consolidate these schools as
those that occupy an elite place in comparison with other educational
institutions.
In the first place, we present a history of the secondary school system in both
countries. Next, we examine the four schools chosen, highlighting some of their
main characteristics: their origins, their specific features and those ones in
which they are convergent.
Henceforth, we present the analysis of the privileged status that these schools
occupy in the educational imaginary of their teachers. In this sense, in the
eyes of these teachers, a space, constituted by an "us" that are separated from
an "other" - which is supposed to be worse -, is delimited.
With respect to the methodology used in this article, we triangulated research
techniques such as in-depth interviews and surveys of teachers and key players
of the four educational institutions. Fieldwork was carried out between 2012 and
2016.
Keywords: Secondary School, university, inequality, elite, prestige
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Structural Change and Economic Development in Santiago
del Estero.
Period 1994/2007.
Jorge Silveti
Noelia Gurmedi
Rita Salvatierra
One of the features that distinguish the type of truncated transition in which
some underdeveloped economies such as those of Latin America are located is
represented by the structural heterogeneity, the result of processes of
transformation that achieved high productivity deployments in enclaves -
detached from the internal market but integrated And a vast productive network
that does not reach adequate levels of competitiveness, in the context of an
economy that is still based on its natural resources. Santiago del Estero in the
productive, is integrated as a marginal region of peripheral capitalism, where
the process of productive modernization did not at any moment become a factor of
change.
In the period under study, which begins during the beginning of the cycle of the
convertibility boom (1994) and culminates with the end of the recovery phase of
the model implemented after the fall of this plan (2007), Santiago del Estero
recorded a rate of Growth of the Gross Provincial Product above the national
rate. This was mainly due to the trend break in 2004.
The study shows that structural change led to an acceleration of the growth rate
of all activities, but labor market deficiencies, based mainly on a weak
industrial sector, prevented breaking with low level equilibria. Deforestation
of the rural sector, which does not manage to be absorbed by the manufacturing
sector, generates a continuous tension in the labor market. The services sector
then acted as a decompression valve and grew disproportionately, in informal
activities and in public employment.
Keywords:
economic development, production structure, structural change, neostructuralism.
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The Practice of a Marginalized Medicine in Argentina:
The Case of Medical Homeopaths
Betina
Freidin
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Expanding the meaning of work: the Social Income with
Work-Argentina Works Program as a limited employer of last resort
Agustín
Mario
This
article analyzes the Social Income with Work (PRIST), of the Argentina Works
line of social policy, implemented in August of 2009. First, we describe the
transformations in matter of social policy that took place during the
Kirchner-Era emphasizing the circumstances that led to the implementation of the
program under analysis. Then, we examine the PRIST´s institutional design and
evaluate some data from the Social Development Ministry (MDS) that allow to
account for the number of beneficiaries, their characteristics, the activities
undertaken as part of the program, the response of the beneficiaries, and the
relation between program participation and the insertion in the labor market.
The PRIST constitutes a partial or limited employer of last resort (ELR)
program; in that sense, we then compare the ELR theoretical proposal with the
PRIST. Finally, we discuss the main objections that the literature has done
regarding the design and implementation of the program. Using the PRIST
experience, we show how the ELR can generate employment –y, thus, provide
income. Moreover, the PRIST experience shows that an ELR program can contribute
to the re-definition of the meaning of work, by recognizing that certain forms
of work, unrecognized by the private market, are socially useful.
Key words:
Argentina works, employer of last resort, work
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Global Crisis and technological change in the steel
industry in Argentina and the World (1970-1990)
Emiliano Mussi
This
article will show how the economic crisis was processed in the steel industry in
the years 1970-1990 in Argentina and the world. The crisis updated the
possibility of incorporating technology. Those capitals that could incorporate
this technology on time, achieved greater competitiveness and tackle the
economic crisis. Japan and South Korea were at the forefront of this
incorporation, and argentine companies Acindar and Siderca. In contrast,
although for different reasons, the United States and argentinianSomisa state
company, were relegated.
Keywords:
steel - technological change - innovation – Argentina
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Building labor citizenship in the Mexican northern border
Marlene Solís
Margarita Ávalos
In this article it is of our interest to analyze the role civil society has had
in the construction of labor citizenship, understanding that the principle of
recoverableness of labor rights is a necessary condition for democratic life
inside and out of labor spaces. Recognition of labor rights as human rights has
been a long fight, so now a day, when we face a new labor reform and unstable
and precarious labor markets, it is of particular relevance. In order to
understand the mechanisms of intervention of civil society in the resolution of
labor conflicts, as a fundamental element to advance in the construction of
citizenship from a labor point of view, we
analyze the Ollin Calli's discourses and
practices in the resistance of workers from a
transnational factory, and the forms of fight that has stimulated the Coalición
Pro Justicia de las Maquiladoras along the northern border of Mexico.
Keywords:
labor citizenship, civil society, maquiladoras, labor rights, recoverableness,
northern border of Mexico
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Workers and popular resistance in Tucumán in the beginnings of the
dictatorship of Onganía: murder
of Hilda Molina Guerrero and popular uprising in Bella Vista
Silvia Nassif
In the first months of 1967, the province of Tucumán, Argentina, was sunken in a
deep economic and social crisis. In the very early stages of the dictatorship of
the self-proclaimed Revolución Argentina headed by the de facto president
general Juan Carlos Onganía a decree in August 1966 declared the intervention
and closure of sugar mills in this province. Despite a significant portion of
national trade unions depositing their expectations in the dictatorship, local
sugar workers at the Tucuman Sugar Industry Workers Federation (FOTIA) organised
actions to protest this situation.
It
was in this political context that in January 1967 Hilda Molina Guerrero, wife
of a laid-off sugar worker and member of the female branch of the Peronist party,
was murdered just a few meters away from the Bella Vista Trade Union premises.
This crime in the sugar town of Bella Vista gave way to a true “pueblada” (uprising),
the first one to take place since the establishment of the dictatorship. From
that moment on, Hilda remained int the popular consciousness as a symbol of the
struggles of this period and she is a part of the collective memory to this day.
However, and despite its historical importance, little is known about the facts
that led to this event.
This
work reconstruct the circumstances in which Hilda Molina Herrero was killed by a
member of the police force, just as the union, FOTIA, was carrying out a
coordinated plan to prevent the closure of the mills by the dictatorship. We
demonstrate the lack of veracity of the official version released by the Police
Headquarters of the Tucuman province and we analyse the full relevance of this
event.
Keywords:
Hilda Molina Guerrero, FOTIA, labour movement, self-appointed dictatorship
“Argentina Revolution”, “pueblada”, popular uprising.
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Contributions of Latin American critical
thinking for the study of the class structure and social mobility
José Javier Rodriguez de la Fuente
The study of the links between the processes of development, modernization,
social stratification and mobility, was in the center of the postwar discussion
on the causes and consequences of changes in the socio-occupational structure.
Much of the research that linked these topics were approached from the
perspective of modernization theory, under the orthodox consensus structural -
functionalist. However, the universalist and evolutionist claim of that
paradigm, was widely criticized by other contemporary trends that also theorized
about aspects of development in the specific context of Latin America. Thus a
reference may be made to both the pioneering, continuous and changing studies of
Prebisch, under the orbit of ECLAC structuralism; different approaches including
in the so-called "dependency theories" and the analysis of the heterogeneous
nature of the economic and social structure of the peripheral countries.
In
this way, the work proposes to trace elements of these critical approaches that
are part of what might be termed "Latin American critical thinking" that were
central in discussions produced between the 50s and 70s, for use in the
understanding of the processes of structuring classes and the study of social
mobility in the Latin American context of the beginning of the 21st century.
Keywords:
development, dependency, structural heterogeneity, class structure, social
mobility, Latin America.
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(Re)thinking the concept of reflexivity in the field work
context
Mariana Tello
This article approaches the complexities of ethnographic practice as lived
theory (Peirano, 2008) and delves
into a concept that begun taking centrality in social sciences in the 1980s and
still provokes debates nowadays: reflexivity.
Revising the author's own professional trajectory within the anthropology of
violence and sociopolitical conflicts, the article inquires how a reflexive
disposition is acquired and transmitted in the construction of ethnographic
data. Finally, the article presents an examination of the political, ethical and
epistemological tensions which intersect the researcher's perspective in the
process of knowledge production.
Keywords:
reflexivity, social sciences, ethnography, political violence.
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Culture and social movements: interpretations of social
protest in employees, recovered companies
employees and traders of AMBA
Jorge Castro Rubel, Matías Artese y Hernán Tapia
In
this article we propose to conduct an inquiry on the culture of protest and
social conflict in three groups of different insertion in social and productive
structure: employees, recovered companies employees and traders from
Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. We carry out a survey through which we
explore various aspects of representations generated by the protest and social
conflict, digging through various scenarios of formats, demands and subjects
involved. The objective of this study is to describe and compare the culture of
protest and conflict in each of the analyzed personifications.
Keywords:
conflict, culture, employees, cooperative members, traders.
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Social Representations about the the Universal Child
Allowance (AUH) among peripheral urban lower classes
María Maneiro
In this article the Universal Child Allowance (AUH) is analyzed from a
historical itinerary point of view regarding social security in Argentina.
Following this line of thought, the article begins with a brief overview
regarding the process of understanding social protections as an establishment
with crisis due to the importance of informality work. After that, AUH is
described: requirements, possibilities and difficulties. The originality of this
presentation is based on the idea of investigating the social representations
that the peripheral urban lower classes elaborate around the social security, in
general and the AUH, in particular. For this purpose, four cases were selected
that correspond to diverse socio-occupational trajectories, under the hypothesis
that this prism can be useful to analyze different meanings about our object.
Finally, with this substrate, various representative profiles around social
segurity are put into scene. The suggested profiles are: the exclusive
employee, the proactive worker, the ascetic beneficiary and the claimant
citizen.
The
empirical base used on this presentation is a series of semi-structured
interviews conducted during the month of November 2014 in Buenos Aires.
Keywords:
social security- Informality work, work, universal Child Allowance, social
Policy, social representations
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Treatment of Production bodies in the labor courts. The
case of the fishing industry. Mar del Plata, Argentina
Romina Denisse Cutuli
In
this paper the process of progressive health workers unprotected analyzed from
the 1990s through the Mar del Plata’s fisheries. Through court judgments can
display the specialized conception of the disease, which makes the association
between sickness and work accident. This constitutes an obstacle to economic
damage repair work , while collaborating with the reproduction of the working
conditions that cause such damage. Legislative reforms in the mid- 1990s
deepened the lack of workers, reducing the chances of access to justice for
workers affected by the disease - job accident. In turn, the casualization of
labor relations reduced opportunities for economic compensation for the damage,
since the difficulty of demonstrating the relationship between damage and the
work adds to demonstrate the employment relationship.
Keywords:
labor courts, fishing industry, occupational health, job insecurity,
compensation.
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Social security at territorial level. The case of the Province of Neuquen
María Ignacia Costa
Susana Hintze
Two systems of Social Security converge in the Province of Neuquen, Argentina: the national one (provided by ANSES, Administración Nacional de la Seguridad Social) and the provincial system, headed by the Instituto de Seguridad Social del Neuquen (ISSN). Although other provincial states that have not transferred their pension systems to National Government have similar structures, this case is special because ISSN includes different social services and other policies like social tourism, health attention, etc. Also in the case of family allowances, the national system coexists with the provincial one.
The aim of this article is to reconstruct and to analyse comparatively the protections and the implementation conditions of two following sub-systems of the social security system: the pensions system (national and provincial) and the Asignación Universal por Hijo para Protección Social (AUH) in the Province of Neuquen. The functional dimension of the implementation regime (area of influence, reference population, networks or institutional linkages and quality of protection provided in each jurisdiction) and the political one (relationship between jurisdictional levels) will be specifically studied and analysed.
With regard to the AUH, the hypothesis that guides the work recognizes certain degree of autonomy in the management of local government officials to implement policies within the margins that provide highly standardized formats.
We systematize an extensive qualitative fieldwork comprising interviews and observations made in the six towns of the province which are units of ANSES and ISSN delegations.
Key words: social security - pension system - universal child allowances - implementation regime - protection capacity - territory
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Unstable boundaries between "productive" and
"reproductive" work.
Theoretical reflections from the work in the hospitality industry
Débora Garazi
Based on reflections of work in the hotel sector in Mar del Plata city between
the '60s and' 80s, in this article we propose to raise a theoretical and
conceptual discussion that has strained the traditional categories productive
and reproductive work. We start from the idea that the service sector, and
especially those that offer benefits linked to the reproduction of life have a
particular productivity. We will focs in the ways in which the work has been
approached from the Social Sciences and repair on the notions of 'work' that
supported these studies. Then, from the analysis of different types of sources
we reconstruct some of the features which acquired the work in the hospitality
between the decades of '60 and '80 in Mar del Plata. We support the idea that
some of the features of this work is approaching the so-called productive work,
and others, to reproductive work. Therefore, the interpretation in binary terms
contributes to made invisible some characteristics of some of works that
combine elements of both and according to the context and the impact of such
factors as a space of realization, paid or free character, the beneficiaries or
the gender of the worker, are closer to one or the other.
Keywords:
Productive work- reproductive work- services- hospitality- Mar del Plata
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The complaint about the law of employee participation in
profits: the development of social-political tensions and the struggle for power
in Argentina
Gabriel Esteban Merino
The
Draft Law on Worker Participation in corporate profits, boosted in 2010 by the
leadership of the CGT and supported by Nestor Kirchner, was central to political
debate both within the political force articulated to the government at the
time, as well as with anti-government actors. Discussions on this initiative
became relevant in 2010 when from the CGT, supported by leaders of the national
government and other political forces, set the agenda for a possible vote in
Congress. From this moment, a struggle of speeches started between
social-political forces, the effectuation of a present right embodied in the
Constitution but is not guaranteed in practice, the obverse is the struggle for
economic surplus and its reverse is the struggle for power in Argentina. The
dispute is spread within a context characterised by a gradual strengthening of
organized labor movement (particularly the CGT led by MTA core) and its growing
influence on the socio-political alliance articulated by Kirchner until 2011.
With them are getting deeper political and social tensions in the joint "kirchnerista"
and, more generally, between sectors of capital and labor.
Keywords:
Organized Workers, CGT, Kirchnerismo, Capital, participation in corporate
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The Labor-centric Illusion: Contradictions in the
Argentine Welfare Regime
under Kirchnerism
Giuseppe Manuel Messina
This
article discusses the contradictions in the Argentine Welfare Regime, which have
emerged under Presidents Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández. In particular,
it deals with the scope of the expansion in non-contributory social policy,
which aimed at the universalization of a minimum social protection floor for the
previously excluded sectors, but failed to narrow the gap with the traditional
contributory social security system. Through an analysis of the phases in which
this political experience unfolded, we observe at first a reconstruction of the
wage relationship, imbued with the rhetoric of “development with social
inclusion”, which led to a reinstatement of a labor-centric approach to social
integration. However, this process was incomplete because -among other things-
the existence of an irreducible nucleus of labor informality, which reinforced
the fragmentation of social protection, inherited from previous decades into
multiple systems -public and private- according to income and employment status.
Hence the hypothesis that guides this essay is that these contradictions are the
result of a mismatch between the observable continuities in the regime of
accumulation and the incomplete attempt to reestablish a mode of regulation with
similar features that those existing at the time of the industrialization period
and the genesis of the Argentine Welfare State.
Keywords:
Argentina, social policy, Welfare Regime
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Occupational
Structure Heterogeneity and Labor Market Segmentation.
Gran Buenos Aires, 1974-2014.
Santiago Poy
The
article’s objective is to describe the urban occupational structure’s long-term
trends, in order to determine the continuities and changes under different
macroeconomic regimes, in terms of three key aspects: its structural
heterogeneity –with special reference to the micro-entrepreneurial or ‘informal’
sector–, the labor market segmentation and labor earnings inequality. In
particular, it examines the hypothesis that states that it is the heterogeneous
dynamic of occupational structure what determines the access to social-protected
jobs, and labor earnings distribution, although labor regulations changes are
taken into consideration. Micro-data from household’s survey (Encuesta
Permanente de Hogares) are used, for the period 1974-2014, corresponding to Gran
Buenos Aires area. The research finds an increase in the heterogeneous
performance of occupational system with broader consequences in terms of labor
earnings distributive pattern.
Keywords:
Structural heterogeneity; labor market segmentation; labor earnings
distribution.
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Structural heterogeneity and labor precarity:
Taking into account the working poor
Dasten Julián Véjar
Javier Hernández Aracena
Precariousness became a central concept when looking at economic relations in
Chile and other Latin American countries. This is directly related to the
introduction of neoliberalism and labor deregulation. In this paper we propose
that precariousness and its role during the processes of economic value creation
challenge categories such as “structural heterogeneity” as proposed by ECLAC. We
use secondary sources to portray the reality of the so-called "working poor" in
Chile, who are increasing their quantitative presence asa result of a general
trend towards labor and social precarization. We think that our analysis
complements, critically, the categories employed by ECLAC to understand Chilean
social structure.
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Informality as field of discussion in the context of the
emergence of the concept: juxtapositions between employment problems and
poverty
Eliana, Lijterman
Informality as concept has a mixed texture, wherein problematizations stands
apart and intertwines, generating differentiateds interventions in the
contemporary labour and social policies's field. Finding out traces of past's
discourses in currents problematizations, we have endeavored to recover
programmatic
and theoritical discussions that crossed the concept's emergence context, in
70’s decade. That context had characterized by an intense production pf
diagnosis, explanations and politics recommendations about employment issues,
wich were transforming in Latin America since the sixties. An institutions,
schools of thought and academicians’s mixture had a leading role in the
discussions about the currents employment issues. Our focus of analysis was the
identification of the ways in wich the employment issues were demarcated
(defined, explained and conceptualized) and the intervention was delimited. Due
to aour research, we were interested in detect the links between the
employment’s problematizations, poverty and social policys. We worked on the
basis of treating three diferentstheoretical’s perspectives. The analysis
demostrates that they were very intersected but there are a few theoritcal and
programmatic’s coordinates that allow for differentiating them. Those
perspectives were: the ECLAC’s approach, called latinoamerican structuralism,
about wich we worked based on R. Prebich’s and A. Pinto’s writings; the ILO’s
approach, characterized as neostructuralist, whose reading were done in basis of
. Tokman’s work, who were one of the institution’s reference in informality’s
treatment in Latin America; and to tackle the depency’s theory we selected José
Nun’s, AníbalQuijano’s and Ruy Mauro Marini’s writings.
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Labour politics of the government of patricio
aylwin and its impact in the chilean syndicalism
Julio César
González Candia
Francisco Zapata Schaffeld
The
aim of the article is to analyse the labour politics of the first government
post dictatorially in Chile, we refer to that of Patricio Aylwin Azocar, and to
know his impact in the bases of power of the union movement. To achieve this
intention, there was studied the system of labour relations during the political
transition, putting emphasis in the agreements I mark - tripartismo and labour
reforms. Also they are mentioned as relevant topics of the present work, the
debatable need of political stability during the transition and the reopening
space to recover the role of social actor on the part of the syndicalism. In the
development of the article, together with checking the expositions of
theoretical and investigators, actors' opinions join linked directly to the
problematics, fruit the above mentioned, of a series of interviews realized to
union, academic, leader leaders of national level of political parties and
ex-authorities of the government in question.
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The constitutive dimensions of social
well-being: a conceptual proposal
Eugenio
Actis di Pasquale
Most of the studies on social well-being are done from a technical and
analytical perspective, since its analysis involved in a number of dimensions or
fields of social concern -health, education, housing, income, etc.-, without
prior preparation of the theoretical concepts involved. While the development of
a construct based on the characteristics or properties of social units is not
easy, it is essential from a methodological and conceptual perspective.
In
this paper we aim to meet that need taking as a starting point a concept of
social well-being that includes the reciprocal relationship between the
individual and society and therefore understands people as active subjects. From
the five dimensions that comprise -enjoy a good health, enjoy public safety,
achieve an appropriate educational level, have a decent work and live in a
suitable home-, we conducted a brief discussion on the scope of each and then
arrive the corresponding definitions.
The
most important aspects of this conceptualization are in the last two components,
incorporating decent work as achieving social well-being and home not only as a
unit of social reproduction, but also of gender roles and mandates.
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Like pouring water into the sea: otherness and
distinction in the identity construction of a movement of unemployed workers
Santiago Nardin
In
this article we analyse the identity construction in a cooperative of the
“Argentina Trabaja” program, linked to a movement of unemployed workers,
attending at the experience of its members, and interested in the tensions that
cross its constitution. Otherness and distinction will be central notions of
this work, related to two phenomena that structure the experience of
marginalized fractions: the processes of collective organization and social
differentiation. Both refer to dynamic construction of identity (individual and
group) around which legitimate patterns of action and sociability are organized.
We suggest that these are subjective forms of demarcation of border that define
the criteria for membership of the cooperative and the movement, and therefore
affect the configuration of the popular politicity.
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Social Economy and critical thinking. Contributions to
the analysis of the current scenario.
Analé Barrera
This article intends to identify and characterize the different views on
“social economy” (SE) in contemporary Argentina. From the understanding that
this concept is used in a generic way, with diverse and contradictory senses
that refer to an undefined field of economic activities, two positions are
broadly distinguished: a perspective of integration to capitalism and another
one that criticizes it. Moreover, the focus would be set on the second one. For
this purpose, the paper would recover the analysis that Marx and Engels did
about cooperatives and utopian socialists.
At this point, SE current reality in Argentina would be approached through the
raising of new questions.
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The neoliberal tendency in the new public
management:
To govern through the market
Sebastián Botticelli
This article aims to examine the assumptions and implications of New Public
Management. Because of the recommendation of international financial
institutions, this line of administrative thinking had a large degree of
dissemination in the last decade of the twentieth century and influenced several
state reform processes that were experienced in Latin America. Based on this
review, it will be shown that the usual characterization that defines the
neoliberal tendency as a mere contraction of the size of the structures of
public administration does not sufficiently considered the changes in the logic
used by the State to redefined its forms of intervention in the social dynamics.
The present work hopes to configure new criteria for the critical inquiry of our
current time attending to the persistence of the past in our ways to understand
the world and act on it.
Key words:
Neoliberal gubernmentality, state administration, new managerialism.
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Characterization and labor insertion of street
vendors:
the case of San Victorino in Bogotá
Roberto Mauricio Sánchez Torres
This
article presents a characterization of street vendors and analyses the ways of
labor insertion in that activity, based on the case of San Victorino in Bogotá.
The research takes as analytical reference the fieldwork that was done in San
Victorino. The fieldwork was formed by the application of a survey based on
non-probability sampling answered for 414 street vendors and at the same time
some testimony were collected, both of them contributed to the study about labor
insertion. Throughout the article some topics are tackled and are emphasized:
the heterogeneity in career path and characteristics of street vendors; the
relevance of specific population groups within street vendors; and the link
between labor insertion in street sales and some social, historical and economic
aspects.
Keywords:
street vendors; labor insertion; informal activities; habitus; labor situation
in Colombia.
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Development issues, social classes and the
bourgeoisie
in LatinAmerica:
Conceptualreflections
Gabriela Wyczykier
The
article proposes the systematic introduction of a set of theoretical, conceptual
and characteristics of Latin American social sciences emerged between the 60 and
70, which discussed the issue of social classes in relation to the uniqueness
that adopted policies problematizations development issues, underdevelopment and
dependency in the region. In particular, it distinguishes and presents from a
bibliographic reflection approach the existence of a singular concern present in
various approaches for the forming process, consolidation and objectification of
the bourgeoisie as a class in Latin America. While the analytical production
period is interested in presenting vast and rich, for writing an elective
cutting inserts work in scientific thinking and critical Marxist, and
structuralism of CEPAL. interpretative key enabling introduce trends in how to
address these processes is performed.
The recovery of these analyzes interest charges in the current millennium
whereas in many countries in the region has returned to the political and
academic debate development issues as a matter, in this connection, the position
of its constituent groupings, so reentering active discussion on the role of
local, national, transnational bourgeoisie, as actors dynamics in this procces.
Key Words:
clases -
Latin America
– development –
dependency
- bourgeoisie
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Global Crisis and technological change in the
steel industry in Argentina and the World (1970-1990)
Emiliano Mussi
This
article will show how the economic crisis was processed in the steel industry in
the years 1970-1990 in Argentina and the world. The world unity updated the
possibility of incorporating technology. Those capitals that could incorporate
this technology on time, achieved greater competitiveness and tackle the
economic crisis. Japan and South Korea were at the forefront of this
incorporation, and argentine companies Acindar and Siderca. In contrast,
although for different reasons, the United States and argentinian Somisa state
company, were relegated.
Keywords:
steel - technological change - innovation - Argentina
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Serenade to Cafayate. “A Gift to the People”
in the Transformation Process of the Traditional Physiognomy
Andrea
Villagrán e Irene López
La
Serenata a Cafayate
(Serenade to Cafayate), held since 1974 up to this date, is tackled in this work
as an event with enormous analytical potential, inasmuch as investigating about
it raises different questions and enables the exploration of multiple
dimensions. These dimensions refer to the spheres of work, of social
relationships, of celebrations, and the senses they concentrate. Taking into
consideration the perspective offered by the social exchange theory, as well as
the concepts of total social fact and seasonal variation of M. Mauss, the
Serenade can be understood -beyond its celebratory and folkloric show nature- as
part of a complex structure of transformations occurring in a context of
productive restructuring and labor organization which impact on the diverse
spheres of life and, mainly, in the way the relationships between
employer-landowners and employees-farm worker are established. Within the
framework of that process, the exhaustion of a “traditional system” of
interrelation becomes evident and a progressive redefinition of social status
takes places along with a role reconfiguration. The article shows a series of
significant displacements on the social, economic, and cultural orders since the
Serenade concentrates and reframes a set of practices which precedes it,
developed in private spheres, within the farms and in forums common to the
elite, towards a space that is becoming public at the same time that a
collective subject, the “people”, is formed. It is for this collective subject
that the show is held, in the sense of a “gift”.
Key Words:
Event - social processes - landowners and farm workers - "gift"
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Labor process in the manufacture of harvesters in Argentina
(1920-1960):
the case of Senor company
Damián Andrés Bil
The industry is one of the most studied items on the economic history in
Argentina. However, they are few studies on the development of the labor process
in the country. Therefore, in this paper we analyze the labor process evolution
in the Argentinian combine industry between 1920 and 1960, from the study of the
company Senor, based on interviews and information about the firm. To compare
their situation with global standards, we also reconstruct the process in the
largest firm in the United States (International Harvester Company). We believe
that this comparative approach can provide insight into the limits of the
competitiveness of the sector in Argentina and contribute to the debate on the
so-called industrialization in the country and the continent.
Keywords:
organization of production (L23); combines-harvesters industry (L62); industrial
structure Argentina (N16); skills and labor productivity (J24).
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Campo de Herrera: history in the reedbed.
Investigation, extension
and rural self-organization
Cecilia Gárgano
In
1966, during the dictatorship headed by General Juan Carlos Onganía, several
sugar cane were closed in the province of Tucuman, in northwest Argentina. One
of them, the former mill "Bella Vista", became the “Cooperativa de
TrabajadoresUnidos de Campo de Herrera”, the first experience of an agricultural
cooperative organization in Argentina the country. The history of the emergence
and trajectory of this cooperative, located in the locality in Famaillá, had the
National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA) first organization dedicated
to research and rural extension throughout Latin America as the main actor,
which was indeed the first organization dedicated to research and rural
extension throughout Latin America. INTA suggested that lands could be exploited
collectively. An anthropologist and a technician crew were involved in the next
chapter, when they were part of a team that built a fundamental link in the life
of the cooperative, during the political and social upheaval in the 1970s. From
institutional documents, research materials and interviews, this article
analyzes the trajectory of this experience, from the beginning until the
dismantling of the team, as part of a repressive cycle of long duration.
Keywords:
agriculturalcooperative; extension; research; sugarcanemill
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Labor reality, rights and unionism in the horticultural
workers
of Gran La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina) 1990-2009
Soledad
Lemmi
The
present article deals with the situation of the rural peons in the Horticultural
area, their labor rights and the scope of their fulfillment. In turn, and in
direct relation to the above, the role played by the Argentine Union of Rural
Workers and Stevedores (UATRE), a guild that groups these workers in the sector
under study, their trade union and political actions and the Difficulties that
it finds in a complex socio-productive context such as horticultural. This is
part of the Marxist theoretical framework, and is combined with a methodology of
quantitative-qualitative analysis that explores primary information sources
(interviews, newspapers, censuses) and secondary.
Itisconcludedthatthecharacteristics of thesalariedworkers in question,
theproductionpatterns and production, alongwiththeideology of theunion are
theelementsthatexplaintheunionaction.
Keywords:
Argentina; horticulturalists; salaries; rights; tradeunions
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Pastors of the “new paradigm”: organicintellectuals and
hegemonicconstruction
of agribusiness
María Dolores
Liaudat
In
the last decades, in our country, a big transformation of the agricultural model
with the advance of agribusiness has been witnessed. The adoption of a new
social form of production is necessarily associated with the transformation of
the ways of living, thinking and feeling of the actors that lead it. In this
sense, it is particularly relevant the ideological work for the dissemination
and teaching of another form of interaction with nature, technology and labor
relations. In this article we investigate a series of local actors who have
promoted the agribusiness paradigm: HéctorOrdoñez, VíctorTrucco, HéctorHuergo
and Gustavo Grobocopatel.From a Gramscian perspective we identify the different
tasks that they fulfill as agribusiness organic intellectuals through the
analysis of two dimensions. On the one hand, their life trajectories: the
passage from one space of socialization to another in relation to the
agricultural world, the networks that they interweave and the spaces in which
they converge. On the other hand, the conception of the world they hold,
identifying the conceptual nuclei, the roots and the ideological characteristics
of their discourses. Through their itineraries of thought and action we identify
the network of power that interweaves around the ideological building of
agribusiness in our country
Keywords:
agribusiness; organic intellectuals; ideology; discourse; hegemony
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Agrochemicals in question, practices in tension.
The use of agricultural
nputs and environmental care in family Lobería farmers.
Luciana Muscio
This paper is about productive practices and decisions that family farmers of
Lobería, Buenos Aires province, make on agrochemicals use. Through interviews it
is analized uses and main economic, technological and symbolic conditioning
factors involved in interviewee decisions making and their relationship with
chemical inputs uses. According to interviewees speech about their practices it
is identified different perceptions of safety / danger of these inputs and
different razonabilidades about care-or not-of natural resources and the
environment.
Keywords:
chemical inputs; production decisions; conditioning factors; rationality.
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Territory
and accumulation. Considerations about megacorporation’s
and agribusiness logics in Argentina
Virginia Toledo López
The
article analyzes the case of the installation of a biodiesel production plant in
Santiago del Estero. Particularly, it seeks to understand the strategy of
accumulation of mega-companies in Argentine agriculture. Also, it aims to
contribute to the reflection on the forms of penetration of capitalism logics in
the territories. The methodology is mostly qualitative, through documentary
analysis of primary and secondary sources.
Keywords:
territory; agribusiness; (mega)companies; extractivism; biodiesel.
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Gender and inequalities in the labor market: the
separation of private drivers from domestic service in Argentina
Inés Pérez
Throughout the twentieth century,work was progressively regulated by the state
and associated with different social rights. Domestic service was poor and
belatedly included in these regulations, only after the separation of certain
specialized occupations that were previously considered part of this work.
Indeed, during the nineteen forties some workers formerly part of domestic
service, would achieve the enactment of specific regulations that guaranteed
them an independent status.As part of this process, in 1946 private drivers
obtained the sanction of a specific legal code that explicitly excluded themfrom
domestic service, giving them certain rights that would only be recognized for
domestic workers a decade later and, even then, only in a limited way. From the
analysis of bills, parliamentary debates, legal journals and case law, in this
article I reconstruct the paths through which private drivers were able to
distinguish themselves from domestic service, becoming a professionalized
occupation, noting the significance that gender had on this process.
Key words:
work, gender, labor rights, domestic service, private drivers
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Don’t be excellent, be strive.
Critical approach to the ethical core of individualized job market in Chile
Hugo Sir Retamales
In
the following paper, we explore the symbolic position of the category of
“effort” inside chile's labor market. In order to achieve that, we draw a brief
description of the major changes on the labour market during Pinochet’s
dictatorship and their links with global transformations in the statesmanship.
Later, we describe our main results, focusing on the symbolic position of the
“effort” category and his link with a general grammar perfectly suited up to
precarity, flexibility and vulnerability conditions. In the final reflections,
the analysis is Synthesized in order to show the “effort” as an ethic core who
sustains the personal actions, in a world of labour completely individualized.
The methodology of this work is exposed before of our results.
Keywords:
Labour market, individualization, excellence, effort, ethical core
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Inclusion policies and sociability in kindergartens of the metropolitan area of
Buenos Aires: between mutual recognition and new dynamics
of exclusion
Nora Gluz
Inés Rodríguez Moyano
This article presents research findings about democratization processes in early
education in the period 2003-2015, focusing on the implementation of the
Universal Child Allowance (UCA) policy in the Province of Buenos Aires,
Argentina. It examines comparatively the bonds that institutional actors and
families deploy in schools located in high social vulnerability territories.
It is a case study that shows the scopes and limits of the rights’ expansion in
inclusive policies toward early childhood. It shows that, together with the
significant expansion of the offer, in contexts of institutional weakness and
insufficient resources, distinctive and segregative ways of sociability are
produced tensing the logic of rights that the measures have helped to set up. It
also warns that stigmatizing representations regarding poor sectors survive and,
in the frame of the educational conditionality of the UCA, become one of the
sources of coercion from school towards families. Finally, it detects some
delicate situations such as inclusive education of children with special needs
in the context of the institutionalized paradigm with the National Law of
Integral Protection of girls, boys and teenagers’ rights.
Key words:
social policy, social inclusion, Universal Child Allocation (AUH), sociability,
elementary school, Argentina.
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Invisible Women. Politics of secrecy among women who
perform commercial sex
Santiago Morcillo
In this article I explore the political implications of the practice of
splitting and hiding performed by women engaged in commercial sex in order to
keep secret its insertion in the "prostitution". For this I rely on the analysis
of observation and interviews with women who perform commercial sex under
different modalities and in three cities: Buenos Aires, San Juan and Rosario.
This allowed me to learn about different tactics women use to manage information
and ways to avoid or confront stigmatization.
Here I propose a political reading of the effects of these tactics, both at the
symbolic constructions they enable or hinder and in relation to the processes of
organization and politicization of these women. Thus I seek to pose some
questions arising from reflection on the possibilities and risks of secret /
visibility process for various stigmatized subjects and in different cultural
contexts.
Keywords:
prostitution, visibility, stigma, hiding, secreto
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Nursing working conditions in
Argentina: between professional and precarious health
care
Eliana Aspiazu
Nursing is one of the "care occupations" within the
complex framework of the health sector’s workforce. In this context, nursing has
the distinctiveness of being the activity with the highest level of feminization
in the health system (85% are women). It is also the occupation that carries the
heaviest burden of direct care in its tasks. The issues affecting nurses in
Argentina
are diverse and have a negative impact both on their working conditions and on
the quality of the care provided. Work overload, multi-employment, deficient
infrastructure, lack of inputs and low salaries are part of the general
situation the health sector. But nurses also present peculiarities that place
them in a position of greater vulnerability. The deficit in the amount of nurses
and their skill levels, together with the devaluation of their skills within
health teams, add complexity to the employment outlook for this occupation. This
article analyzes, based on available statistics and in-depth interviews, the
changes that occurred in recent years in nursing, in terms of their role within
health teams, the visualization of the occupation, and the meanings of care
associated with it. Particularly, the article analyzes the impact of
professionalization in the occupation, the socio-demographic changes associated
with increased participation of men, the role of trade unions, as well as
subjective and cultural aspects, such as perceptions about working conditions,
motivations for choosing this profession, and its linkage with other health
workers.
Key words:
Work conditions - Gender – Care occupations – Health Sector –nurses
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Gender and
emotionalwork.
Thefoundations of
poor
working conditions in preschool education.
Mar
del Plata, Province of Buenos Aires
Romina
Denisse Cutuli
This article addresses the poor working conditions in
preschool education from a gender perspective. The limited presence of the
state, both in its role as provider and control device in the provision of care,
leaves child care trapped between familiarization and commodification, with
greater intensity during the first three years of life. Therefore, early
childhood education has a strong private component, which is also to a large
extent informal and precarious, due to the working relations that sustain it,
but also because of its meager institutional and infrastructure settings.
Thesepoor working conditionshold a tense relationship with the quality
requirements attributable to such aqualifiedoccupation. In this sense, this
article suggests that the gendering of teaching at the initial level, and its
consequent association with unpaid care work, act as a disqualifying factor of
the job. Also, abnegation expectations assigned to the maternal role are added
to this devaluing speech, allowing, ultimately, sustaining the tension between
precariousness and quality.
Keywords:
Working conditions – Care work – Gender – Preschool teaching.
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The
labour conditions of care workers in
Argentina.
Reflections based on the analysis of three selected occupations
Valeria
Esquivel y Francisca Pereyra
The analysis of care–related occupations has acquired
significant relevance in the feminist agenda of the last years. These
occupations – mainly concentrated in the health and education sectors as well as
in domestic service –are highly feminized and generate employment opportunities
for many women. Nonetheless, they exhibit relatively poor working conditions,
since care is usually associated to supposedly feminine abilities, socially
undervalued as “real work”. At the same time, these poor labor conditions,
especially meagre salaries, put in question the quality of care services
provided. This article, based on the Argentinean case, proposes a comparative
analysis of a selected group of care occupations, which include nurses,
kindergarten and primary teachers, as well as domestic workers. Even when these
occupations share certain vulnerabilities associated to their care content,
their labor conditions present significant variations. Based on this situation,
the main objective of this paper is to deepen in the understanding of the
factors that mitigate or reinforce the social and economic devaluation of
care–related occupations. By doing so, the article seeks to reflect on some key
aspects that could be approached by public policy in order to improve the labor
situation of these workers, and thus, the quality of care services provided.
Keywords:
Gender– Labor conditions– Care occupations– Domestic service – Nurses– Teachers.
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The task of community childcare workers in the suburbs
of buenos aires, ¿a way of bottom up subsidy?
Marisa
Fournier
The insufficient public childcare services in relation with the challenges faced
by new family structures and the need for more than one income in vulnerable
families result in overcharging poor women. It also causes less incomes in poor
homes since childcare is an obstacle to work outside the house. Some of
childhood politics articulate with community organizations that have become
childcare centers. These are collective centers with strong neighbor and family
bonds where urban poor women get organized to face children needs. Firstly,
these women fulfilled feeding needs and then they started to satisfy learning
and recreational needs. They provide childcare services for their own children
and other´s. The work focuses on the analysis of the situation of these
childcare workers in these mixed institutions where the community logic is
strongly connected with the principles of the Social and Solidarity Economy.
This community logic also mixes with childhood politics in high vulnerable
territories. The other topic presented in the article is the auto perception and
appreciation that these workers have of their task. It also describes how
collective childcare impacts their personal lives.
Key words:
gender- community childcare workers- social and solidarity economy- childcare
politics- feminism.
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Continuous security and double circulation of
knowledge
Nuria Giniger
y Sara Cufré
In its 66 years of history, the company Aerolíneas Argentinas
has been privatized in 1991 and re-nationalized in 2008. When the State
reassumed the company’s direction, it started to develop various corporate
policies, some of them rooted in the company’s tradition and others rather
novel. In previous works, we have identified that the current corporate policies
are defined in terms of the Continuous Improvement perspective. In the case of
Aerolíneas Argentinas labor rhythms intensification and costs reduction are
organized through two elements: quality and security.
We have identified that the so called ‘Operational Security Culture’ goes
through the group of corporate policies in Aerolíneas Argentinas and it spreads
out values and specific tasks that workers must assume. In this sense, there’s a
series of devices that the company sets in two directions: one related to
training and the other to monitoring systems.
The aim of this article is to analyze the relation among the so called
‘Operational Security Culture’ and a double circulation of knowledge between the
company and the workers. To do so, we will focus on a relevant secondary source:
the corporate journal ‘CoOrdenadas’ which is specifically directed to the
company workers.
Key words:
Corporate policy, Security Culture, Continuous
Improvement
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The incomplete future: Cconstructing labor
trajectories for early 21st century
Ana
Miranda y Milena Arancibia
The analysis of labor trajectories among young people
acquires new meaning when it is understood as part of a more complex social
structuring process, in which social norms change over life course. We consider
historical time influencing young adult’s lives by virtue of the opportunities
offered by the contexts they transit during their youth. This article is part of
a project on career paths of young people who graduated from school during
Argentina´s socio-economic crisis. We present the results of a set of
biographical interviews about transitions from education to working world in
Grater Buenos Aires, using a typology based on the occupational category
obtained at the age of 30. As part of the conclusions, debating in the field of
youth studies and social structuring processes, based on arguments about the
validity of the notion of "social generation", the expansion of "grammar" of
youth between different social sectors is discussed.
Keywords: Job placement, Labor trajectories, Social Generation,
Education and work transition
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Analysis of blowtorch workers in shipyard
in
Brazil: considerations about worker health in
ergological perspective
Rayana
Ferreira Vinagre y Alexandre de Carvalho Castro
The objective of this paper was to analyze the work-health-diseases relationships that involves blowtorch workers activities, in shipyard located in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The qualitative methodology used by the
theorical basis of ergology, designed by interviewing a particular manufactory ship blowtorch workers. The results evinced that, even though all the activities seemed to be, apparently the same, the blowtorch workers
had the habit of develop their work`s activities in a singular way. Theses aspects could be realized by analyzing the uses of itself, through the achievement to extra hours and to the use of equipment, important things
that also implies to the worker health.
Keywords: Human Factors at Work; Ergology; Ergonomics; Worker's Health; Shipbuilding industry.
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La
Argentine Sociology in the sixties: Cátedras Nacionales,
editorial projection and circulation of ideas
Anabela
Ghilini
Cátedras Nacionales (CN) was a novel experience at the University of Buenos Aires (UBA)
during the period from 1966 to 1973 related to the process of politicization and
approach to Peronism of the media and academics. From the editorial point of
view and dissemination of thought, this paper aims to identify the type held by
many of this group with political and cultural projects linked to academia as
the Antropología 3er. Mundo (ATM) and Envido. Another aspect of
our interest and could be considered part of the publishing projection of CN was
the special link with some publishers and bookstores like
Cimarron sociologist Miguel Hurts- along with bibliographic production.
Moreover, in these years, some books were published members of the CN, such as
the emblematic work of Roberto Carri “Isidro Velazquez, las formas
prerevolucionarias de la violencia” (1968) expressing a fanoniana sociology.
As part of this deployment it can also be mentioned the publication in late 1971
of Gramsci's writings under the “El Príncipe Moderno y la voluntad nacional-popular”
title.
Keywords:
Politización- Peronismo- University- Social Science- Cátedras Nacionales-
Failed “developments” at the historic mines Famatina
and Capillitas: Issues for thinking about the current socio-enviornmental
situation
Facundo Rojas y Lucrecia Wagner
This paper
deals with the working conditions and the socio-environmental consequences of
large-scale mining in the provinces of La Rioja and Catamarca, Argentina,
between 1850 and 1914. It analizes the evolution of the largest mines, Famatina
and Capillitas.
We affirm that the mining companies’ appropriation of the workers’ wages and the
exploitation of natural resources influenced the crisises of these historic
mines. These crises led to the abandonment of ore-rich sites for decades, and
even did away with regional economic approaches that were based on large-scale
mining, which initially seemed like a solution to the region’s problems,
according to the governing elite. Even though the clearest causes of abandonment
were high costs and difficult access for transportation, in addition to
unfavorable economic and political situations in the country and in the world,
other socio-enviornmental causes, which we highlight, have not been sufficiently
evaluated.
We rely on the the critical analysis of historical documents, from perspectives
and methodologies appropriate for climate history, sociology, and political
ecology. We hope to contibute to issues that are essential for understanding the
contradictions of our time, as mining is curently being debated in these same
areas and sites.
Keywords:
mining; Famatina; Capillitas; regional development; workers; political ecology.
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Over-education in Colombia: an analysis of the determinants
and misalignments of the labor market at a national and regional context
Raúl Francisco Quejada y Jorge Nelson Ávila
This research addresses the phenomenon of over-education in
Colombia,
contextualized in the Caribbean Coast of the country. Methodologically, employed
a probabilistic model Logit type to constrain the presence and /or absence of on
education in the face of changes in variables such as age of the individual,
type of contract, occupation of the same, and region of origin/residence. The
results suggest that in the Colombian Caribbean Coast, the phenomenon of on
education is presented in smaller proportion compared with the aggregate
national and the great cities of the interior of the country. By way of
conclusion establishes that over-education in Colombia can be solved with an
analysis of productive vocations territorial (of departments and municipalities)
and the coordination between the educational system and the labor market demand.
Keywords:
over-education,
labor market, educational system, productive
vocation.
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Essay about the restructuring of indirect tax system: socio-economic
analysis about the advantages and disadvantages of adopting a single rate in
Portugal
João
Catarino, Ricardo de Moraes y Pedro Miguel Alves Ribeiro
[1]
The common system
of VAT adopted by all member states of the European Union, including Portugal,
comprises various rates that differently tax goods and services subject to this
tax. From a strictly control and management technical point of view it would be
preferable to adopt a single tax rate. In this research we analyze the
advantages and disadvantages of adopting a single rate of VAT in Portugal. The
general conclusions are valid not only for all member states of the European
Union, but also for all countries that adopt the VAT system.
Keywords:
Single VAT rate; European Union; Value added tax; Consumption taxes; Tax equity.
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The cabecilla and cuadrillas
in
the formation
of transient
labor
migration
from Nueva Francia (Santiago del
Estero)
south
of
the province of
Buenos
Aires
(Argentina)
María José
Martínez
This article looks at the story of a group of santiagueños rural workers have a
long labor migration path, mainly in the south of the province of Buenos Aires.
The special status when these workers is that the migration process which
conforms participate exceptions, commanded by a “cabecilla” and from the
grouping in “cuadrillas”. Therefore the main objective of this paper is to
describe the analysis of their stories, the importance of this relationship that
is built between the leader and members of the gangs. As methodological strategy
it uses an "explanatory approach" from a case study. The choice of a form of
qualitative approach seeks to understand and analyze in a given context and time
behavior of social actors. Among the most interesting features is to highlight
the importance of the dyad formed by the leader and the gang, as one of the most
important components to consider in the construction of migrant process, not
only as a means of recruitment and disciplining workers, but also as a mechanism
of organization within this segment of workers in a context totally precarious.
Keywords:
Temporary labor migration; job placement; leader; gang; Argentina; Santiago del
Estero.
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Challenges in
addressing rural labor in northern Patagonia: women in
forestation, fruit and horticulture
Verónica
Trpin, María Daniela Rodríguez y Silvia Brouchoud
This paper aims
to reflect on our research practice in rural areas, about the tensions and
challenges of women go to the field as holding glances with "lenses" gender. In
the work of research has been necessary to consider our disciplinary backgrounds
to address and bring more complex understandings of the studied regional issues:
work processes and senses of belonging built by working men and women in various
circuits rural production. Develop some tensions present in the fieldwork in
production forestry, fruit and horticulture in the provinces of Neuquen and Rio
Black, circuits in which men and women of migrant and indigenous origin are
inserted. We believe that studying work spaces and experiences that men and
women pass around work, is a double challenge: first to make complex, from
ethnography, crosses between social class, gender and ethnicity as problematic
unexplored field in agricultural studies. On the other hand, re-educate our gaze
from the feminist contributions and not to reproduce, to masculinized
activities, interpretive schemes which homogenize the worker category blurring
gender inequalities present in rural areas.
Keywords: rural labor;
women; migrants; population mapuche; forestation; fruit farming; horticultura
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Macroeconomicdisruption and structuralcontinuity in
Argentina post convertibility.
A contribution to the debate on the
nature of neoliberalism.
Germán Pinazo, Marcelo Delfín y Ana Drolas
This article aims to analyze aspects of the development of
the Argentina
economy since 2002 and, more specifically, the performance of its predominant
agents, establishing the continuities and ruptures in relation to the neoliberal
policies of the 90s.
The devaluation of 2002 began a period where historical records recorded in
economic growth and job creation, which, in our view, initiated a major debate
in the social sciences in our country linked to the nature of the process, and
more specifically, whether these new dynamics were or not linked to a break with
the neoliberal stage of its economic history.
The aim of this work is to contribute to this debate from a characterization
that our view is novel in relation to the stage in question, from which we could
reinterpret existing and original information (which will bring here) linked to
some of the central points of the debate.
Key Words:
Neoliberalism;
Argentina; Transnational companies;
Neodevelopmentalism.
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The complaint about the law of employee participation in
profits: the development of social-political tensions and the struggle for power
in Argentina
Gabriel Esteban Merino
The Draft Law
on Worker Participation in corporate profits, boosted in 2010 by the leadership
of the CGT and supported by Nestor Kirchner, was central to political debate
both within the political force articulated to the government at the time, as
well as with anti-government actors. Discussions on this initiative became
relevant in 2010 when from the CGT, supported by leaders of the national
government and other political forces, set the agenda for a possible vote in
Congress. From this moment, a struggle of speeches started between
social-political forces, the effectuation of a present right embodied in the
Constitution but is not guaranteed in practice, the obverse is the struggle for
economic surplus and its reverse is the struggle for power in Argentina. The
dispute is spread within a context characterised by a gradual strengthening of
organized labor movement (particularly the CGT led by MTA core) and its growing
influence on the socio-political alliance articulated by Kirchner until 2011.
With them are getting deeper political and social tensions in the joint
"kirchnerista" and, more generally, between sectors of capital and labor.
Keywords:
organized workers; CGT; kirchnerismo; capital; participation in corporate
profits.
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Las luchas de
la migración en contextos laborales: la experiencia de
sindicalización de una trabajadora doméstica peruana en Córdoba, Argentina
María José
Magliano, María Victoria Perissinotti y Denise Zenklusen
This paper sets out to reconstruct the unionization
experience of a Peruvian domestic worker in Córdoba (Argentina),
looking into the processes of subjectivity and resistance through which she
becomes a political subject that activates the right to claim for rights.
Assuming the challenge of capturing the specificity of contemporary global
migrations, this paper analyzes –from a qualitatively methodological strategy– a
life story, in order to understand those migration’ struggles whose claims do
not refer to migration status and their legal aspect, but to work and labors
rights. Therefore, it mainly incorporates two theoretical perspectives: autonomy
of migration and intersectional perspective. Our premise starts from conceiving
that the process we explore in this paper –understood as a “struggle” and
related to a key aspect of migrant subjectivity as work is– is principally
determined by the intersection of gender, social class and age within a life
course.
Key words:
Struggles of
Migration; Domestic Work; Autonomy of Migration; Migrant Women;
intersectionality.
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Multilocalized research in transnational
migratory studies: theoretical and practical contributions
Patricia
Jimena Rivero
This article
presents some theoretical and methodological considerations around the
multilocalized research designs for the study of migrations. After the
innovative proposal of anthropology to "follow" an object of study in movement,
the field of migration became the most common contemporary research genre for
this type of approach, especially if we focus on the work from a transnational
perspective. It is argued that the multilocal researcher must construct research
designs capable of "mapping" the social space of the studied group that is
relationally analyze the places in which the subjects of study move. Precisely
there is the contribution of the multisituated works: it is not the diversity of
sites and locations where the researcher is located what makes its
methodological contribution, but the construction of an object of study
centered on the relationships, associations and links between those places. It
is argued that while multisituated investigations offer wide methodological
advantages, they also imply several challenges. The article illustrates the
theoretical discussion about multilocalization with the design of a research on Argentinians
returned from Spain in the period 2008-2016.
Key words:
multisituated ethnography, multilozalized research, transnational migration,
transnationality, multisituated methodology.
Four decades of Unsatisfied Basic Needs in Argentina
Agustín Arakaki
Although Poverty Line (PL) is the most popular method for
identification of poor people, its ability to account for a multidimensional
phenomenon such as poverty has been questioned. Different methodologies have
been proposed, one of the most important is the method of Unsatisfied Basic
Needs (UBN). In this context, this article aims to adapt the latter to be
applied to data from the Permanent Household Survey and analyze the evolution of
the proportion of people identified as poor using this method in the long term.
We show that the number of people in households with UBN
tends to reduce in the long term, but at different stages, whose averages are
steps having a decreasing height. As a result of this evolution, 9.3% of the
population in the GBA and 9.2% of the population in 28 cities lived in
households with unsatisfied basic needs at the end of 2013. At the same time, we
show that our results can be considered a good complement to the information
provided by the method of the PL.
Keywords:
Poverty, Unsatisfied Basic Needs, Argentina, Methodology for Poverty
Measurement.
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Doing the
night.
the commercial and
labor market
of electronic
clubs (Cordoba.
Argentina)
Gustavo Blázquez
This article discusses
some of the routines
of interaction
related to
the commercial production
of electronic
scene and clubs
in the city of
Cordoba.
Throw the description of the
actions of the
clubs’ owners and
of
different workers
in the electronic scene
I analize the
social dynamics
that made of the
night
a labor market
for a group of
young
middle class
during the first
decade of the XXI century.
How new generations
were integrated
to the economic and
cultural development
of the city?
Which strategies
were built by
these individuals
to enter the labor
market?
To answer
these questions,
we focus on the experience
of young workers
and entrepreneurs
who combined
"cultural
capitalism" (Rifkin,
2000), the subsequent
uncertainties to
the 2001 crisis
and the
market expansion
of
the
nightlife
Keywords: youth; dance music; labour; employment; nightlife
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Latin-American
immigration, labor market and accumulation
models in contemporary
Argentina. A comparative analysis between the 90´s and the 2000´s
Nicolás
Herrera y Gastón Ángel Varesi
The article analyzes -in a comparative manner- the
integration of Latin-American immigrants in the Argentinian labor market,
between the 90's and the 2000's. In the first part we review theoretical
perspectives on models of accumulation, (un) employment and the labor nature of
international migration, that allowed us to frame our study object. Regarding
these theories, we understand that they have paid little attention to the
changes and / or continuities, produced on the employment situation of
immigrants by the passage from one accumulation model to another. Incorporating
this analytical dimension, our research tries to make a first contribution.
After carrying out a long-term approach on the relationship
between immigration and labor market in
Argentina, in the
second part of the paper, we use a set of statistical data to analyze the
ruptures and continuities that occurred in the Latin American immigrants’ labor
situation during the 90s and 2000s. Finally the article presents a series of
conclusions that allow to recover a wide-ranging reading about how both models
of accumulation impacted, occupationally, on this population.
Keywords: work; emerging factors; suffering-happiness
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On TV: brief characterization of TV criticism in the
press
Yamila Heram
The aim of this article is to share some reflections about television critic
from the La Nación, Página/12, and Clarín and the magazines
Página/30, El Porteño, Noticias and La Maga during Multimediatic
period (1990-1194). We share the dominant lines of critics in each of the
analyzed journals and magazines.
Key words:
Television – printed press – television criticis
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Sociability and the world of labor. A newspaper
newsroom case study
Laura Rosemberg
Whereas there are numerous approaches about the place
that interpersonal relationships take when it comes to the insertion into the
labor market, there are few studies on sociability as a dimension that runs
across the various stages in people’s socialization at work. The ethnography
study I performed at the newsroom of Tiempo Argentino newspaper to
analyze the process of labor socialization of young journalists sparked my
interest in this subject.
The implemented techniques –participant-observation,
in depth-interviews and non-directive interviews– allowed me to notice that the
analysis of the learning process of these young journalists and their
socialization would be incomplete if we did not take into account a fairly
widespread perception about their daily work in the newsroom: "the good working
environment". Thus, in this article I analyze the role of sociability in the
process of labor socialization based on a case study at the newsroom of
Tiempo Argentino newspaper.
On one hand, through the description and analysis of
the practices and representations of journalists, we see that sociability
strengthens the collective character of the journalistic work. On the other
hand, it operates as a guarantee for the continuity of journalists’ careers on
this media and not in others.
Keywords:
Labor sociability – Labor socialization – Journalism –
Printed press – Ethnography
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Incorporation of
women in large law firms in
Argentina
María Eugenia Gastiazoro
The study is
related to the legal profession, mainly in the law firms sectors based on
management tasks.
Gender composition is observed in different hierarchies of some
firms as a changing trend between 2006 and 2011. Occupational mobility of women
is understood by taking into account the organizational discourse constructed
and by analyzing what kind of professionals are included or excluded.
The importance of inquiring into these
specific ways of organization, within the legal
profession work environment,
lies
on the influence of the legal culture. Even though the 12 law firms, with which
the analysis was done, do not represent prominent elite in
Argentina, if we compare them to the total of professionals in the
country, the consideration is appropriate as their practices have great
influence in the internal legal culture of the profession itself. For that
reason, this research explores and tries to reveal
how
gender and profession are configured among power and prestige areas.
Keywords:
profession, law firms, women,
Occupational mobility
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Sciences Education: new professional definitions
from recent history
María Eugenia Vicente
A hundred years after the founding of the first career of
Sciences Education in
Argentina, at the
National University of La Plata, the article aims to contribute to the knowledge
about the professional characteristics of this discipline in contemporary
history. Therefore, the structural modifications of the professional
characteristics are reconstructed in dialogue with employability strategies, in
the last forty years. The analysis suggests that the reconfiguration of Sciences
Education promotes other conditions to produce knowledge in the educational
field. The conclusions suggested new conceptualizations about the professional
field and the graduate’s socio-professional practices that overcome the
conceptions that recognize the Sciences Education as a fragmented, unstructured
and hybrid discipline.
Key words:
Sciences Education, professional field, strategies, graduates
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Heterogeneities and working conditions
among academics at the
University
of Buenos Aires. A comparative study
between the Pharmacy and Biochemistry, and the Economics’ Schools
Cecilia Rikap
This article analyzes the working conditions of faculty from
the case of the University of Buenos Aires (UBA). In particular, we chose the
Pharmacy and Biochemistry (FFyB) and Economics (FCE) faculties because they are,
respectively, good examples of research and professional traditions, which
coexist in the UBA. We concentrate on the following characteristics: perception
of salary, job stability, the relationship between tasks performed and
positions, dedication to research and importance of the income received from the
UBA in the total individual income. As methodology, official statistical results
are analyzed supplemented with information obtained from different offices of
the UBA. Among the main results we observed a deterioration of faculty's working
conditions, overall. However, after examining the FFyB and FCE, we revealed
sharp heterogeneities. In the FCE working conditions are more critical than the
overall results of the UBA, while the FFyB shows a more encouraging scenario.
These findings lead us to believe in the need to develop different proposals to
reverse these trends, focusing on the specifics of each type of school, and not
just general tips for all the UBA.
Keywords:
University, Undergraduate Faculty, Faculty Working Conditions,
University of Buenos Aires
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The subjective experience of inequality
in everyday life. Contributions of Alfred
Schutz’s phenomenological sociology
Daniela Griselda López
The analysis of social inequalities has frequently been
presented in sociological research in terms of the distribution of assets and of
social, cultural, or political opportunities, i.e., in terms of the objective
possibilities of acquisition of strategic resources. However, little has been
said about the subjective manifestation of the phenomenon. And in the
works that have studied that aspect the assumption underlying sustains that the
subjective experience of inequalities only involves comparisons with Others.
Starting from a critical review of these perspectives the article recovers, from
a theoretical viewpoint, the actor’s subjective meaning for the approach of
social inequality taking as a reference Alfred Schutz’s phenomenologically
oriented sociology. It is maintained that Schutzian sociology provides
conceptual tools to investigate subjective experience of inequality in everyday
life, as well as guidelines for the empirical approach of that experience in
different cultural and historical contexts.
Keywords: Inequality, Discrimination, Subjectivity, Everyday life,
Phenomenological Sociology
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Processes of social mobility of the
professionals of socioeconomic strata means of
the Metropolitan Region of
Santiago of Chile. A study from the dimension of the Recognition Socio-Labour
Héctor Rivera Vergara
The present article proposes to investigate from a
qualitative approach, the influence of the recognition partner-labour in the
processes of social mobility of the professionals of socioeconomic strata means
of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago of Chile. The motivation for
investigating this phenomenon is born to observe the difficulties that presents
a group of Chilean professionals, characterised for being first familiar
generation in obtaining a university title, in his mechanisms of insertion and
integration to the labor field, which have not been accompanied of the
recognition socio-labor expected in the exert e of his functions, experiencing
according to his own affirmations, a feeling of social descent and a feeling of
frustration and insecurity in his professional capacities. Of the same way, the
interest for tackling this study from the dimension of the recognition socio-
labor, is due to that the revised theory on social mobility, it refers mostly to
quantifications in the distribution of the economic and social welfare of a
person or group in a determinate time, delivering results very notable and
useful, but that do not tackle the significant dimension of the problem.
Keywords:
Social Mobility, Recognition Socio-Labor, Social Mobility Frustrated
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Reproduction conditions of labour power as form of the
specificity of capital accumulation in
Argentina: concrete evidences since the mid-70’s
Fernando Cazón, Damián Kennedy y Facundo Lastra
This article is framed in the debate regarding the relationship between the
differentiation of labor power’s conditions of reproduction and the
characteristics of the productive structure in Latin America. We analyze the
evolution of this relationship in Argentina, by recognizing the specificity of
this country in the global capital accumulation. Firstly, we describe the form
in which the new international division of labor is expressed inside this
country and we conclude that it implies the need for new compensation for the
productive lag of the national economy: the sale of labor power below its value.
Secondly, we present evidence on the relationship between the specificity of
national accumulation and reproduction of the labor power, which allows us to
conclude that a portion of the Argentinean working class is consolidated in its
role of relative surplus population.
Keywords:
labor power, relative surplus population, economic cycle, land rent - Argentina
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The “Cabildo” Has Opened: The Front of
Unions
State and the Fall of Ricardo de Aparici as a
Resistance Gestation. 1987-1990
Mauro Berenagan
Since 1987, in
Jujuy Province
began a social and workers struggle that generated the organizational conditions
for the “Resistance” throughout decade. The Front of Unions State, with its
leading figure of Carlos “El Perro” Santillan, were the main support of a
protest cycle that provoke the fall of eight governors in ten years. In the
present paper, I intend to inquire the begining of that “organic crisis”,
reconstructing with primary sources and with the help of some gramscianan tools
one event that has not been fairly studied by historiography: the Open
“Cabildo” of 1990. The event were the consecuences of a multisectoral workers
impulse and a new ways of protest. With more than 25.000 people gathered in La
Tablada Stadium, the “Cabildo” provoked the fall of Governor Ricardo de Aparici,
and it assumed the characteristics of the resistance against the neoliberal
policies in the country.
Keywords:
Jujuy,
open cabildo, Carlos El Perro Santillán, neoliberalism, front of unions state
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The Golden Age in the representations of
ex workers from the Swift meat plant of Berisso
Eleonora Bretal
During my research about the ex
workers´s modes of remembering their labour past in the Swift meat plant of
Berisso and of representing
the history of the meat industry workers, I distinguished the construction of
the following native periodization: the english
period, the military period and
the closed Swift period.
I interviewed thirty (30) ex workers between the
years 2010 and 2013. In this text I analyze their representations about the
first of the three periods. I explain who the english were to the ex
workers and I show their appreciations of them. I enquire which aspects organize
the idealization of the english period as a Golden Age and I explore the
cracks and contradictions undercovered by the nostalgia for the desired past. I
identify how the golden past is configured not only in relation to the present
(with the utopias projected to a near future) but also in connection with a
critical past to the ex workers. I hold the idea that the english period
is part of a selective tradition, which set aside another pasts, characteristics
and experiencies.
Keywords:
working class, social representations, golden age
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The value of work in the policies of "Social
and Solidarity Economy". An approach to the conditions of production and
reproduction of their recipient
Sofía vitali
This article
deals with social and labor policies framed in development called "Social and
Solidarity Economy" from which the "work culture" and "decent work" as part of
its discursive basis is recovered. These proposals contain various meaning
around the work, giving rise to new forms of work and organization, as well as
forms of linkage between state actors and beneficiaries.
Beneficiaries
who participate in the various state programs of the Secretariat for Solidarity
Economy of the Municipality of Rosario perform different productive activities
as a defensive response to the retraction of the formal labor market suffered by
them during the 90's and the 2001 crisis.
In this sense,
we want to analyze the value of work , stressing the formal provisions of these
policies from the analysis of the daily production of different experiences,
focusing on the conditions of production and reproduction of these sectors.
Keywords:
socio-productive policies, social economy, labour, value
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Labour, trade unions and contestation to large infraestructural projects in the Brazilian Amazon
José
Ricardo Ramalho
Marcelo
Sampaio Carneiro
From the 1960s onwards, the Brazilian Amazon witnessed a new
cycle of economic expansion. This expansion redefined the development strategies
for the region and had significant repercussion of the environment and local
social groups. This texts analyses one of the projects implemented since then,
the Grande Carajás Program, which stimulated the settlement of pig iron
producing industries throughout the Estrada de Ferro Carajás, and of
metallurgical plants in the municipalities of Marabá (State of
Pará) and
Açailandia (State of
Maranhao).
The article shows the dual impact of these policies. On the one hand it
increased regional economic activity, the size of cities and towns, and created
new jobs. On the other, it significantly affected the precarization of labour,
environmental degradation and offenses to human rights. The objective is to
analyze the characteristics of the labour markets through the actions of the
metalworkers’ union and other social movements in the municipalities of
Açailandia, especially the struggles around industrial unemployment and
campaigns against ‘slave labour’.
Key Words: Amazon; Precarization; Labour; Development
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The multiple faces of precarious work and trade unionism: the brazilian experience
Fernando
Ramalho Martins
Jacob
Carlos Lima
The article discusses the precarization of labour in
Brazil in the
current context, with a consideration for the historical characteristics of the
labour market in which not more than 50% of workers have received social
security benefits and experienced formal working conditions. Precarization
should be understood as a process which manifests itself in a diversity of
forms, without been uniformed or absolute. New occupations can incorporate
important rights, which does not make them less precarious from the point of
view of working conditions. The processes of outsourcing and others can also be
coupled with access to rights without making the tasks themselves less
precarious. The article incorporates empirical evidence from research on the
service sectors (banks-- information technology--clothing industry and
automobile industry).
Key words: precarization;
Brazil; trade
unions; services
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Recent transformations in labour process at the Pampas agricultural production: limits and potentialities of the ‘soybeanization’ process
Gastón Caligaris
This paper
examines the recent material transformations that took place in the agrarian
labour process in the Pampas in order to provide empirical evidence and elements
for the analysis to the existing debate within the agrarian studies regarding
the production and social implications of those transformations. For this
purpose, an analysis on the so-called biotech revolution in agricultural
production is provided. Then, we examine the case of agricultural production in
the Pampas. Finally, we briefly consider the implications of these changes for
the historical course of agriculture production in general and in the Pampas in
particular. The main conclusions arrived at are: a) that the so-called biotech
revolution has involved a very limited transformation of natural constraints
that characterize agricultural production and, consequently, it is still far
from overcome the barriers that historically limited the economic development of
this productive sector; b) that the material changes occurred in the labour
process related to biotechnology have a generalist character in the Pampas; c)
that these transformations are inherently connected with the development of
chemical and mechanical aspects of the labour process, such as the extensive and
intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers and dissemination of zero tillage
technique; d) that the mentioned changes in the process of agricultural labour
in the Pampas involved a substantial increase in the minimum scale of production
and, on account of this presumably, in the scale of agrarian capital.
Keywords: Agrarian labour process; Biotech revolution; Pesticides;
Fertilizers; Zero Tillage
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The role of pluriactivity in the persistence of the dairy family farming in the Cuenca Abasto Sur of Buenos Aires
Patricio Vertiz
Over the last decades the dairy production of
Argentina
evidences great modifications, related to strong processes of technological
change and concentration of the production, leading to a restructuring of the
dairy complex with a negative impact over the minor strata of production. In
this regard, one of the strategies persistence of small units has historically
been the pluriactivity, which involves the combination of farming and
non-farming activities, inside and outside the farms.
The aim of this work is to identify the diversity of types of
pluriactivity and its importance over the persistence of the dairy family
farming in Chascomús and Lezama (province
of Buenos Aires). We also aim to specify which types of pluriactivity are
predominant, the reasons that lead producers to implement this strategy and the
functions it performs, establishing connections with other works related as
well.
The methodology of investigation consists of the analysis of
semi-structured interviews to key informants and dairy farmers, combining with
the revision of agricultural censuses, scientific research and technical reports
about the dairy production in general and about the area of study in particular.
The results of this work show the presence of the
following forms of pluriactivity: the manufacture of dairy products, the work
outside the farms and marketing, being the first two types the most predominant.
Generally, they include mostly agricultural occupations which belong to the most
traditional type. Regarding the role played by pluriactivity, it seems that the
combination of activities is associated with functions of persistence or
reproduction either than accumulation of capital. The conclusion arises that due
to the low production scales of the establishments analyzed, and to the low
production rates in some cases, it is likely that these units could not avoid
the combination of these activities to persist in their production.
Key words:
pampean family farming; pluriactivity; strategies of persistence; dairy
production
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Characterization of family farming based on a rural development programme: the case of the PRODERNEA recipients (1999-2007)
Marcos Urcola
In the current
debate on family farming, opposing views arise regarding who the involved
subjects are, the type of support they should be given and the role that this
sector should perform in the regional development. The aim of this paper is to
contribute to this debate with the analysis of information collected in the
framework of the implementation of a rural development programme. The Rural
Development Project for the Northeastern Provinces of Argentina (PRODERNEA in
Spanish, 1999-2007) was taken as a reference in order to contribute with
empirical elements regarding the characterization and identification of family
farming and to generate new questions and hypothesis on the type of political
instruments targeted at the sector. The selection of this programme enabled the
concrete study of the family producers identified as recipients of its actions,
and offered the possibility of reflecting upon their main problems and
operational tensions. This paper presents a methodological framework with a
qualitative approach and a flexible design based on case studies and the
tradition of the Grounded Theory, implementing the analysis and systematization
of primary documentary sources and open informal interviews to those in charge
of the technical management of the programme and the organizations of
producers-beneficiaries.
Key words:
Family farming; Rural development; PRODERNEA
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Class and Informality in the Class Structure of
Argentina: Families, employment trajectories and class identity among formal and
informal proletarians (2007).
Rodolfo Elbert
The prevailing class analysis of Latin American societies
defines informality as a class cleavage that divides the working class. In this
view, labor fragmentation has created structural divisions among workers, which
are translated into different life experiences, collective action dynamics and
material interests of formal and informal workers (Portes, 1985; Portes y
Hoffman, 2003). This article is part of a broader research aimed at testing the
“class differences” hypothesis through a study of the cultural, organizing and
structural links between the formal and the informal working class (Elbert,
2013). Do formal and informal workers self-identify as part of the same social
class? What is the effect of ties across the informality border in the class
identity of individuals in the working class? I use survey data from the
“Encuesta Nacional de Estratificación Social” (CEDOP-UBA). In the study I
provide evidence of strong structural connections between the formal and the
informal proletariat, which include past work experiences and family ties across
the formal-informal boundary. This confirms that workers’ class
self-identification is a consequence not only of their structural position but
also of their lived experience.
Key words:
informality; social structure; class identity;
Argentina
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Latin American trade
unionism at a new crossroads.
From the centrality of the State to multinational corporations
Juan Montes Cató
Bruno Dobrusin
The trade union movement in
Argentina and
Brazil is facing a new crossroads. The neodevelopmentalist governments of the
last decade strengthened the presence of the State, although this have proven
insufficient to shift the productive structure and influence the balance of
capital-labour relations. The intervention of transnational capital forces
labour to reconsider its actions, historically conditioned by a corporatist
outlook centered on the State. The contributions of Nicos Poulantzas allow for
rethinking labour’s relation with the State and debating the strategic shifts
that this new context requires
Key Words: Labour movement; Corporativism; State; Multinationals
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What's new in the Argentine
unionism? Labor relations and union reconfiguration during kirchneristas
governments
Marcelo Delfini y Patricia Ventrici
The governance process of the last decade had as its central
element overcoming the biggest crisis that Argentina underwent, in which
economic dynamics enabled the creation of employment and overcoming the high
levels of unemployment that accompanied the Argentine development since the mid-
90. The decade of the recovery of employment levels, the vitality of collective
bargaining and increased labor unrest again placed the union player at the
center of the political scene. In this paper we analyze the dynamics of
association in
Argentina in the
last decade from three dimensions of its institutional practice. After raising
an analytical description of the economic process context and its impact on the
world of work, we address the prevailing logic of collective bargaining in the
period, the strategies of alliances and conflicts made by the unions and the
development of union representation in the workplace. The first two, analyze the
policies of the leaders of the organizations, the third tries to delve into the
internal political dynamics of the unions putting eyes on the shop floor.
Key words: Syndicalism; Labor Relations; Kirchnerism
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Social conflict,
cooperativism and precarious labor.
The case of
Cooperativa Cartoneros del Sur in Bahía Blanca (2007- 2014)
Pablo
Ariel Becher
Juan
Manuel Martín
The present study is aimed to characterize and analyze the
socio-economic relations in the solid urban waste collection process performed
by social actors involved in a cooperative of cartoneros in the city of
Bahía Blanca, and the struggles they have had to carry on in order to work in
that condition.
Fundamentally, this work will emphasize on the origin of this
kind of entrepreneurship since the year 2007 to the present, evidencing the
objective conditions of cooperative work and its relationship with informal and
precarious work. The qualitative and quantitative methodologies express the
correlation among different variables that allow us to get closer to
comprehending the functioning of cooperatives within the net of garbage
collection and the role of cartoneros.
Keywords: Cooperatives of cartoneros- Labor conflicts-
Informal economy
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“Because I work, i work well”:
job trajectories and perceptions in the
narrations of workers residing in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires.
Guillermina Comas
María
Rosa Cicciari
María
Berenice Rubio
The article
reconstructs labor trajectories of workers residing in a segregated urban area
from the third cordon of Buenos Aires from a biographic perspective.
Situations such
as obtain a registered job, a formal job change to an informal one, losing a
job, or remain in an informal job, may change the subjective assessments of
those individuals. On the basis of the narrations of workers, about constitutive
job -present and past- actions, the intention of the article is to account the
built sense from the interpretations of the actors about their itineraries.
The analysis
answer the questions about the organizations ways the perceptions and actions
assumed at the trajectories development, characterized by horizontal or
descendent movements in contexts of social vulnerability.
Qualitative
analysis was performed by a set of interviews about their labour situation
before 2014. The narrations were analyzed with Atlas ti.
Keywords:
Labor trajectories; Biographic narrations; Labour informality
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Production of agricultural machinery in Argentina:
Comparative Analysis of the Dynamics of National conglomerates and Global Value
Chains.
Federico Langard
The work presented here is based on the doctoral thesis Consolidación de cadenas
globales de valor y desarrollo de clusters locales: el caso de la maquinaria
agrícola en Argentina (Consolidation of global value chains and development of
local clusters: the case of the agricultural machinery in Argentina), defended
on December 2014. This article presents some productive configurations, adopted
by the production of certain agricultural equipment. Configurations linked to
schemes in which transnational capital participates in some way. The analysis is
based on comparing the segment of seeders manufacturing companies, a cluster of
domestic capital SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises), harvesters and
tractors producing companies, industry directly linked to transnational capital.
Additionally, it goes into detail on the study of this industry transnational
nexus with the analysis of two in-depths interviews with two foreign firms
producing in the country. In this way, some behavior characteristics of the
transnational corporations (TNCs) in the agricultural machinery production and
in Argentina are exhibited.
Keywords:
agricultural machinery industry in Argentina, Transnational Corporations, Global
Value Chains
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Labour market and trade unionism in restructured
agricultural productions in Argentina
Guillermo Neiman
The
restructuring of agriculture modifies the structure and functioning of labor
markets in the sector, putting labor unrest in a renewed context and raising
other challenges for unionism. Labor unions´ practices among workers in
agriculture have been as much episodic and reserved for specific regions or
productions. In the context of the current process of restructuring and
globalization particularly for some agricultural and food productions, it is
possible to identify a growing labor unrest, the emergence of some new mostly
local organizations and the deployment of union actions. State intervention in
certain circumstances related to the labor market and conflict also is
novel.This article analyzes for the case of Argentina, recent expressions of
labor unrest and union actions in agriculture and its relationship with current
labor markets and public policies aimed to regulate these markets and to improve
workers´ labor and living conditions.
Key words:
Agriculture; Labor; Unionization; Labor conflicts
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Union density and representation of
trade union centers in Brazil
Iram Jácome Rodrigues
Mario Henrique Guedes Ladosky
Jonas Tomazi Bicev
This article discusses the participation and representation
of trade unions and trade union confederations in
Brazil during the
recent decades. Using data from the National House Survey (PNAD-IBGE) for the
period 1992-2014, the text traces a profile of unionized labour in Brazil by
region and gender. Furthermore, using affiliation data to trade union
confederations from the Ministry of Labour (MTE), the text discusses the main
aspects regarding participation and representation of the confederations. The
assertions regarding representation are based on the number of affiliated
members by sector, the trade union density by economic activity and by region. A
caveat is necessary in that the databases differ from each other in terms of
methodological process, but the data converges in terms of the main issues
related to trade union density in Brazil
Key Words: Trade Unions; Labour Confederations;
Brazil; Trade
Union Density; Workers
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A proyect for the Argentinian Nation. The
Rivadavia’s politics and the Nation-
Santiago
Rossi Delaney
In this article, we inquiry the social basis of Rivadavia’s politics,
considering the elaboration and conformation of a national project which tried
to include all the Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata in one political
structure.
Our national historiography focused on the reforms and transformations of the
period: the clerical, electoral and military reforms, also some important
resolutions such as the enfiteusis and the Baring Brother’s loan in 1824.
However, there’s no a balance sheet of the Rivadavia’s politics, which allow us
to understand the social character of the Unitarismo’s project. We therefore try
to reveal if there was an organic connection between the different politics,
considering the enfiteusis, the Baring Brother’s loan and the war against
Brazil
as the main steps of the project.
In regard to enfiteusis, we will use the information of the leasing of lands of
the Escribanía General of the Buenos Aires’ Government, with the purpose
of analyze the consequences of its application in that province and the attempt
of imposing the enfiteusis all around the nation. Attending to Baring Brother’s
loan, we compare the incomes and expenses as a result of its contract, with the
State’s budget of the Cuentas Mayores de Caja y Contaduría de Buenos Aires,
in order to calculate the importance of the loan and its cancellation regarding
to the money under control of the Estate. Finally, we will refer to the War
against
Brazil,
a conflict which tested the national project. We will analyze the Listas de
Revistas and the expenses destined to war, in order to enquiry the Estate
efforts in the conflict and its importance in the destiny of the national
project.
Keywords:
Emphyteusis;
Baring Brothers; War Brasil; State
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From above and from below. Governments, ruling class and
labor and social movements in the redesign of the Latin-American integration
Julián Kan
At the beginning of the 21st century the Latin America countries left aside the
commercialist perspective concerning their area of entailment, giving way to a
repoliticization of the regional integration. This occurred due to the fact that
some governments began to question, in major or minor depth, the political and
economic neoliberal scene of the decade of nineteen-ninety. Nevertheless, from a
critical outlook on the projects of regional integration like the MERCOSUR and
the negotiations for the FTAA and of the international relations in general, we
understand that the decisions of the governments in foreign and regional policy
are in keeping with the most general social relations. In consequence, we
propose to analyze here the relationship between civil society and regional
integration, approaching stances and actions of diverse fractions and sectors of
the dominant and subaltern classes which had influence on the redesign of the
Latin-American integration. The hypothesis that guides this paper is that that
redesign, in particular the reorientation towards the MERCOSUR and the rejection
of the FTAA, were a result of both the challenging "from above" by the
questioning of the dominant local classes, and also of the challenging "from
below", that is to say, of the labor and social movements of the region.
Keywords:
work; emerging factors; suffering-happiness.
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The dreams of reason: crisis of meaning and egoistic
suicide
Alejandro
BIALAKOWSKY y Agustín MOLINA y VEDIA
This article seeks to investigate the theoretical and analytical consequences
that the study of egoistic suicide has on Emile Durkheim's perspective. In order
to do that, it begins with a reconstruction of the distinction between egoism
and anomie, highlighting the importance of egoism, often downplayed by secondary
literature, and its relation to the crisis of meaning. With this objective in
mind, the difference between passive and active social spheres is pointed as a
key element to understand that conceptual pair. In addition, the social genesis
of the quest for meaning is traced in the author’s postulates, leading to the
study of the historical development of religions and of the individual
manifestations of egoism (melancholy, languor, solipsism). In third place, it
studies how the historical development of reason points to the emergence of a
symbolic idealism linked to lack of integration resulted from a series of
processes: the disarticulation between thought and action and between
sophisticated beliefs and practices; the loss of a durable object
(representational and 'mundane') and of a totalizing representation; and the
absence of common social objectives. Lastly, the article examines how sociology,
as science of the social, can intervene on pathologies related to the 'dreams of
reason' characteristic of egoistic currents (passive and solipsist; active and
destructive). Thus, it outlines the different attempts made by the author to
find, in modernity, new ways to articulate representations of the totality of
society with daily practices, capable of providing meaning to rationalized
individuals. In this way, the role of the state, of collective rituals, ideals
of humanity and patriotism can be reread in light of the questions and
theoretical proposals that are at play in the analysis of egoistic suicide.
Keywords:
Egoistic Suicide, Meaning, Symbolic Idealism, Totality, Durkheim
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Local potential for integral approach of child labour
in partido de general Pueyrredon, Argentina
María
Eugenia LABRUNÉE, María M. LAGUYÁS, M. Eugenia GOÑI
The aim is to expose the conditions of social protection system intended for
children at the local level to effectively address situations of child labor
detected in the Municipality of General Pueyrredon. The importance of social
dialogue processes as a framework for recognizing and positioning the issues in
public and social agenda is emphasized here.
After a theoretical section about the current look of childhood social policies
Child Labour, its causes and the current regulations for the eradication and
prevention of this problem, as well as promoting and protecting the rights of
children and adolescents, presents a diagnosis of child labor situations, mainly
those more relevant economic activities linked to the party. Then delves into a
description, from a comprehensive view of all the institutional frame or
promotion and protection system of rights of children and adolescents, their
relevance, responsibilities, opportunities and actions against child labor,
protocols force and its effective implementation, as well as commitments from
all areas.
This development is the result of a task systematization of information in the
party, a specific diagnosis generated from ILO, MTSS, and the Municipality of
General Pueyrredon and systematization of primary qualitative information about
institutional frame having interference the possibility of providing answers to
the problem. Is part of a process of dialogue and social construction that takes
place in the town, the Interagency Committee for the Eradication of Child Labour
and Protection of Adolescent labor in the Municipality of General Pueyrredon
Keywords:
Children Labour, Social Protection System, Mar del Plata - General Pueyrredon,
Social dialogue
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Women
participation at Universidad Nacional de Santiago del
Estero. Characteristics of a growing feminization
Noelia ARANDA
In this paper it
proposes to describe in numbers the picture that represents the participation of
women within the Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero.
For this it uses the analysis of statistical data in order to show a
comparative scenario on the evolution of the University population by sex for
the years 2000 to 2010.
The study responds
to the related concern with carry out a research allowing to gain insight into
approximate with respect to participation
women within the University, its advances and setbacks. This problem has been
studied by various theories which enhance the meaning of such participation,
since it is considered as a segment particularly of women who, even with certain
difficulties, have managed to gain access to university education. The results
show us that this University responds to trends in which manifests a continuous
growth of the inclusion of women in the University area marking a high
prominence and while persist differential elections marked by gender
stereotypes, increasingly are more those who show preferences for areas of study
which were traditionally considered as male; reached even better achievements.
We have then
here to establish a
panoramic and critical vision in this regard, to strengthen the analysis and
understanding of the issues supported the review of statistical data.
Keywords:
Gender; Education; feminine participation; University
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Territorios de violencia
patriarcal: doce años de femicidios en Santiago del
Estero (2002-2014)
Cecicilia CANEVARI y Rosa ISAC
This paper
presents an examination of the phenomenon of extreme violence towards women (and
transwomen) in Santiago del Estero. Towards this end a matrix of data is
analyzed that contains the information of women who were murdered, and the
characteristics of the crimes. The sources of information for the crimes are two
local newspapers. To make a comparison to national rates of crime, data
published since 2008 by La Casa del Encuentro (ONG) is presented. Santiago del
Estero has the highest rate of female murders in the whole nation, doubling the
national rate. Through this comparison of empirical evidence a deeper
understanding of the problem is sought. Also, the existing legal framework and
public policies of the three branches of government concerning violence towards
women are given. From within Santiago’s historic structural context some
hypotheses are proposed, and finally an approach is set forth using feminist
theories that are key to understanding the patriarchal foundations that sustain
the subordination of women in our societies.
Key words:
femicide-
patriarchal violence - Santiago del Estero- femicide rate.
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The wage-productivity relationship: wage incentives in
collective agreements
Adriana
MARSHALL
In this article
I analyze productivity-based wage incentives included in collective agreements
signed in the Argentinean manufacturing industry during 2003-2012. First, the
long-term comparative evolution of real wages and labor productivity in
Argentina is examined to provide the historical context to wage-productivity
bargaining. Next, precedents to wage-productivity bargaining in this country are
discussed. Third, I focus in 2003-2012 to analyze how frequently were
productivity-based wage incentives included in collective agreements, the
incidence of the incentives based on individual performance and that of those
based on collective productivity, the level (industry-wide or firm) at which
they had been convened, and the degree of specification of the method to
calculate productivity and the wage premium. Last, the limitations hindering the
evaluation of the effects, at different levels, of the examined
productivity-based wage incentives are discussed. Results suggest that those
wage incentives were negotiated predominantly at firm level, which permitted a
high degree of specification of the methodology for calculating the wage
premium, and were most often based on collective rather than individual
productivity, and therefore their potential for preserving or increasing the
wage share in the enterprises´ value added would be greater than that for
fostering wage differentiation within each firm. Nonetheless, this form of wage
bargaining was confined to a small number of firms within each manufacturing
industry, despite the fact that the signing trade unions operate in a relatively
large spectrum of industrial activities. This limited diffusion would derive in
part from the restrictions faced by wage-productivity bargaining in high
inflation regimes such as that characterizing the Argentinean economy.
Keywords:
wage
incentives, collective agreements, collective bargaining, wages, labor
productivity
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"White Women" in Corographic Commission. A fabling
reading.
Pascale
MOLINER
"Mujeres
blancas" (white women)
is an image of
the Corographic Commission of Agustín Codazzi in Colombia. The image represents,
in the mid-nineteenth century, two light-skinned women dressed in European
style, and a dark-skinned woman covered by a large mantle, the latter located at
the back, and looking in the opposite direction. Speaking of a "fabling
reading”, the author uses a narrative methodology that goes beyond the explicit
content of the work to bridge gender, class, race and sexuality. This ancient
image is used as a "pretext" to interrogate sociocultural dimensions that are
still active today. The author questions, particularly, the role of the unnamed
black woman in the process of construction of the white femininity and as a
disguised erotic figure. She brings her presence as a hidden object from the
white men’s desire, as a disobedient servant for the madams of the bourgeois
houses, and as the mother-nurse excluded from the first infants’ erotic
emotions. The conclusion of the article is a reflection about race performance
as a performance of the ruling class in the Colombian society.
Keywords:
Colombia, hegemonic femininity, bleaching, hybridity, race melancholy, servitude
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Tuberculosis,
suffering, and everyday life in vulnerable and slums neighborhoods in
Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina
María Victoria Castilla
Based on the
preliminary results of an ethnographic research have gone through since early
2010 and it is clear from other previous research, this paper analyzes and
discusses the logic of care, suffer and suffer from tuberculosis in subjects
living in slums and vulnerable, given the set of relations established between
bodies, State and the power dynamics embedded in the daily lives of these
neighborhoods. The methodological approach used in the research is the
ethnographic method including in-depth interviews and participant observation in
various neighborhoods of AMBA, many of whom have not shared the specific urban
design characteristic settlement locally called "villas”.
Key words:
tuberculosis; everyday life; marginalization; vulnerability; power
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Managerial Careers and Internationalization of Elites.
The Study of the CEOs of Transnational Corporations in Argentina during the Last
Quarter of the Twentieth Century
Alejandro DULITZKY
This article
represents a step forward in the knowledge about the business elite in
Argentina, and their relationship with the economic transformations that took
place during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Specifically, we will
study the transformations that took place in the organization of the elite
formed by the CEOs of the most important transnational corporations (TNCs) that
operated in the country between 1976 and 2001. Based on the study of the careers
of these CEOs, we will argue that during the 1990s, it is possible to observe an
increment on the degree of internationalization shown by the group in general,
with the exception of a small group of CEOs that preserves strong ties with the
local environment and, particularly, with the state.
Keywords:
Elites; Transnational Corporations; Managerial careers; Internationalization;
Transnationalization
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Labor process and internationalization of capital:
global determinants of technological “backwardness” in the Argentine automotive
industry in the 1950s and 1960s
Alejandro Luis FITZSIMONS
This article
explores the hypothesis that the low technological level of the Argentine
automotive industry (and other South American cases)emerged from theglobal
dynamics of capital accumulation, challenging the institutional approach that
favors ‘internal’ factors. Following a particular reading of the Marxian
critique of political economy, it is argued that the ‘automation’ of the labor
process initiated at the global level in the late 1940s had two different
implications for the ‘internationalization’ of capital in the industry. On the
one hand, itstimulated technical progress in East Asian countries due to the
characteristics and costs of local laborforce. On the other hand, it created the
necessity, particularly to US individual capitals, to relocate increasingly
obsolete machinery to countries —like Argentina— where the appropriation of a
portion of the abundant agrarian rent by industrial capital allowed tooffset
thetechnological backwardness.The article concludes by suggesting that further
investigation grounded on this approach should integrate political and
institutional factors as mediations or forms of realization—but not as
independent causes—of the differentiation between countries arising from the
process of global technological development.
Keywords:
late industrialization; economic development; automation
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Confrontation, cooptation and political dispute. Strikes and ruptures in the
state unions between 1987 and 1990 in Chubut
Gonzalo PÉREZ
ÁLVAREZ
In this article
we aboard the strategy developed by the unions of state workers, especially the
unions with major number of members during the last years of the '80s. This
years have very importance in the province, in the context of a strong change at
the national level, covering the crisis and change of the social economic
structure which had previously built, the crisis of the provincial government in
1987, the assumption of a government of opposite political sign, and the
resignation of the new governor in 1990, as result of a strong cycle of social
conflicts.
In this context
the provincial state went through a deeply crisis. During this crisis the state
unions were developing various strategies, articulating cooptation and
confrontation with the political power of turn. At the same years this unions
developed intern struggles and divisions for the different political lines,
which in some cases bring more force and in others mined the process of
construction of their unions.
From this
approach we try to understand the role that these unions met in social conflict,
according to their construction processes and their confrontations. We observe
how the process of social conflict that ends in 1990's "chubutazo", and the
different political projects to the provincial state that there were in
competition.
Keywords:
confrontation; cooptation; strategy; unions; Chubut
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Impact caused by the transformations in the labor
market and in social security upon the health insurance system for the
people residing in urban areas in Argentina
between the years 2003 and 2010
Matías Salvador BALLESTEROS
Argentina´s
Healthcare System provides its citizens with three different types of Healthcare
Insurances (Public Social, Social Security and Private). Each insurance
provides differential coverage and this may affect the chances of the people to
receive proper access to the Healthcare Service. In this article, we analyze the
consequences that have arisen from the affiliation to the different types of
Care Insurance and the changes that took place between the years 2003 and 2010
in the labor market, the social security system and in the regulatory framework
of mono taxpayers. We have based our analysis in the results of the Encuesta
Permanente de Hogares (EPH) of the years 2003 and 2010 and in the results taken
from the Encuesta de Utilización y Gastos en Servicios de Salud (EUGSS) for the
years 2005 and 2010.
The results of
the analysis show that these changes have had a major impact and have
considerably increased the number of affiliates particularly to the Social
Security Care Service. However, we also point out the process limitations to
provide to a high number of people with an alternative care system to the
Universal Healthcare Insurance provided by the Public Care Service. As a result
we observe that a big number of the new Social Security System taxpayers were
already affiliated due to the switch of Healthcare Service carried out by
another family member.
Key words:
healthcare sistem, healthcare insurance, labor market, social security
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“With the own stamp”: singularity and innovation in cases of
self-entrepreneurships of fashion design in Buenos Aires
city
María Eugenia CORREA
The last decade
has been characterised because of a high expression of artistic and cultural
productions linked to the creation of self-entrepreneurships of design, in
diverse points of the country, as in Buenos Aires city as well.
In this
context, the independent scene has configured the diffusion of numerous
entrepreneurships of fashion design, related to accessories and dress created
into a deployment of originality, crafts and innovative development applied to
the created pieces. In this sense, the use of textile material of discard, the
same as non-conventional ones, innovative formats, craft and original designs,
and other elements contribute to the search of distinction in the construction
of the own trade mark, invoicing creativity, knowledge, research and action
oriented to a ‘giving self an identity’ in the path of recognition.
Design as
symbolic object of distinctive value, in a social space where the non-massive
products are recognised, is offered as a way of giving an identity to the user,
consolidating her/his singularity and own personality.
According to
that, this article is oriented to reflect about the identity construction in
terms of distinction and innovation from different productions of fashion
design, analysing cases of self-entrepreneurships of Buenos Aires city.
Key words:
self-entrepreneurship, design, identity, innovation, singularity, creative
productions
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Notions of "workers' democracy" and "union bureaucracy"
on the left of the 70. A comparison between the Peronist left and the Marxist
left
Rafael Farace y Gabriela Jäkel
This paper examines
the notions of workers' democracy
and union bureaucracy
used by left-wing
organizations during
the 1970s through the analysis
of documentary sources such as flyers,
newsletters, newspaper and party documents.
It will examine in particular
the cases of two Peronist
organizations (Montoneros y Peronismo de Base) and
a Marxist organization (Partido Revolucionario de los
Trabajadores – Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo), establishing
comparisons that show
the importance of ideological
allegiance and political
strategy conditioning of the
senses given to bureaucracy and
union democracy. Moreover,
the study
will focus publications in
1975 because in the context of
workers' struggle sessions
that year developed
and deepened concentrated
heat debates
and conceptions unprecedented
experience of the working class.
Keywords:
bureaucracy union, workers' democracy, left,
Marxism, peronism
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Union organization in the workplace and left trends
at the recent Argentina: Kraft-Mondelez (ex Terrabusi)'s Internal Commission
Mariela Cambiasso
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the union
organization in the workplace and left parties considering the case of the
Internal Commission of Kraft-Mondelez (former Terrabusi) food factory, located
in the northern area of Gran Buenos Aires. To achieve this objective, is
recovered a recent historiographical debate that argues that the Internal
Commissions did not arise with the triumph of Peronism, but rather its origins
can be traced from the early 1930s, when there was a strong emergence of the
union organization at workplace in different unions and sectors; a process in
which the Communist Party (CP) - predominantly- but also other left political
trends had a powerful incidence.
The article is divided into two parts. In the first, are indicated some of the
central points of the historiographical debate about the relationship between
Internal Commissions and left trends in Argentina during the years preceding to
the triumph of Peronism; and second, are analyzed the particularities exhibited
by this relationship in the case of Kraft-Mondelez’s Internal Commission,
considering the relationship between the Internal Commissions and the company
policies about them, the conflict, and the strategies of the involved groups.
Keywords:
base unionism, left trends, conflict, strategy
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The category ‘work’ under construction: Socio-historical
and cultural components of the category ‘work’ from the point of view of the
small farmers of Santa Rosa village,
municipality of Dos Arroyos, department of L. N. Alem, Misiones, Argentina.
Laura Verónica ANGER
In this paper it is analyzed how the category ‘work’ is built in a specific
social space: Santa Rosa village, which pertains to the municipality of Dos
Arroyos, department of L. N. Alem, province of Misiones, Argentina. It aims at
reconstructing this notion from the point of view of local small farmers and at
identifying which elements take part in the configuration of its diverse and
changing meaning, including those emerging factors as current state politics.
These objectives were addressed thought anthropological fieldwork, which
included interviews and participant observation from November 2011 to April
2014. This fieldwork allowed identifying the local social space, the social
agents living there, their livelihood strategies, the relationships that exist
among them and the way in which they symbolize their lifeworlds
and the feelings of sadness and happiness they experience.
Thus, the complex and entangled social relationships related to agrarian
production were described. Within that social space, in the context of survival
strategies and social relationships aiming at satisfying the material and
symbolic needs of the small farmers’ lifeworlds, diverse meanings relating to
what ‘work’ means are constructed. All in all, in this paper I describe the
meanings relating to ‘work’ and how they are translated into social practice.
Keywords:
work; emerging factors; suffering-happiness
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From the salted meat establishment to the extract meat
factory: Transformation of the working processes in meat industry, Entre Ríos,
1864-1935
Rodolfo LEYES
This paper pretends to show the productive changes, focusing on conversion of
the working process of meat manufacture from mid- 19th century to first decades
of the 20th in Entre Ríos province and its effects on the working class. Entre
Ríos province has had a remarkable cattle production and for many years it was
its main productive activity. The socio-political changes generated as
consequence of the Battle of Caseros had its correspondence in the provincial
economy, adding several salted meat establishments as valorization spaces of
cattle production. This started a technical and capital accumulating process
that set up the province as one of the main salted meat manufacturers. When they
reached their limit, salted meat establishments began to convert themselves into
meat extract factories. This happened at the same time that salted meat
establishments changed into cold stores in other provinces. Our work tries to
build, from a historical perspective, the transformation of the different labor
processes of the meat industry in Entre Ríos, showing the path from simple
cooperation and manufacture to modern manufacture, and how they affect the
working force involved in it.
Key works:
Working processes, capital cumulating, working class, meat manufacture.
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Food Security vs. Food Sovereignty. Agribusiness model
and agri-food question in Argentina
Luciana García Guerreiro y Juan Wahren
In the last years the Argentinean agrarian system has a lot of changes around an
advance of agricultural activities where the animal husbandry was most
important, economical deregulations, reorientation of the food products for the
exportation, an open access to import diverse supplies like agrarian machines,
fertilizers, pesticides, etc.; expansion of some transgenic seeds like soya and
corn, concentration and centralization of agri-food production, etc. These
changes have a strong impact in the Argentinean agrarian structure and in the
everyday life of the small farmers and peasants in the context of a radical
territorial reorganization in the national scale. In this article we introduce
some of the characteristics of this new agrarian model and the links with the
“food access” issues in the neoliberal globalization context. In this sense, we
analyze the multiple social, political, economical and cultural factors that
affect in the food production, distribution and commercialization, as well as in
the different meanings around the issues of “food access” based on the debates
between the concepts of “Food Sovereignty” and “Food Security”.
Key words:
Food Sovereignty, Food Security, Social Movements, Productive Models, Agri-food
System
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The milking revolution.
Changes in the work process of primary production milk in Argentina, 1980-2007
Sebastián COMINIELLO
The object of this study is to reconstruct the history of work processes in the
dairy farms to account for the arrival of the great Argentine industry dairy. We
start, then, with the question: what are the changes that occur in the
production of the good "milk" are? To this end, we focus on analyzing the work
process in the main section of the dairy farms: milking. This historical
reconstruction of the developed work process, on the one hand, analyzing the
specialized journals in the field and on the other, from our fieldwork. This
allows us to see, first, the arrival of the great Argentine dairy industry
during the 1980s and, second hand, changes in the demand for skills to perform
the tasks of milking. We study the work process a perspective that the emphasis
the law of value as a general determinant. Thus, we propose to study what
changes he starred in the working process of dairy farms sector and what
consequences it had in relation to the workforce.
Key words:
labor process, rural work class, dairy farms
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Ethos
and temporality:
an anthropology of phenomenological
orientation of Bourdieu
Juan
DUKUEN
This
article describes
the research on temporality
in Bourdieu´s anthropological studies
in Algeria (1958-1964)
concerning the link between
traditional ethos, structure
of temporal consciousness and
economic practices in
peasant
and sub-proletarians.
Show that as
Bourdieu takes up the notion
of ethos,
produces an
anthropological
reelaboration on
Husserl´s phenomenological studies on
temporality,
particularly mediated by Merleau-Ponty´s
teaching, discuss other
anthropological and economic perspectives
in a context of revolution
and war. This will
contribute to the debate on the
phenomenological
grounds of the
theory of practice,
in the context of
contemporary anthropology and
sociology.
Keywords:
temporality, ethos, anthropology, phenomenology, Bourdieu
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Brazilian
journalists vis-à-vis the end of the mandatory dilpoma
to practice the profession: rearranging the professional legitimation repertoire
Fábio Henrique PEREIRA y Kênia MAIA
This paper identifies and analyses how the discourse about education and
professional competency among Brazilian journalists is reorganized and
rearranged in order to build a professional identity. We seek to study the
discursive strategies used by the journalists as a professional group to defend
themselves on threat situations. It also studies the strategies of engagement of
the public sphere deployed by social actors engaged in the debates that followed
the Brazilian Supreme Court’s (STF) decision in June 2009 to suppress the
undergraduate diploma as a mandatory requirement to become a professional
journalist. We analyse the texts published during June 2009 on the media
criticism website Observatório da Imprensa. The corpus analysis covers
the interactive processes and rhetorical models enunciated by journalists,
professors, Supreme Court’s justices, labor unions, scientific societies,
congressmen, jurists, and website readers. These actors negotiate discursively a
definition about what a journalist should be. The article concludes that such
interactions seek to maintain a professional journalist identity that can be
described through a tension between technical competence and an intellectual
task. This tension is present even when the professional status of journalists
is questioned by a “crisis” or a “threat” discourse.
Key-words:
journalism – professional identity – undergraduate education – argumentative
repertory – symbolic interactionism
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Cultural
practices and construction of youth identities
nowadays in Argentina
Octavio
STACCHIOLA
In Argentina since the nineties, the relationship between cultural practices and
the construction of youth identities had wide repercussions. Mostly because in
this period represents a breakdown of the usual integration spaces -school and
laboral fields- in which social classes were incorporated into the societal
project headed by the State- Nation, previously to this stage. Despite an
complex stage, other spaces of participation encouraged collectives experiencies
where young people take on a central role. In this sense, through our work, we
seek to account for some of the experiences that young people of the lower
classes hold a position on these processes by cultural practices that could be
oriented toward a particular political socialization.
Keywords:
youth, identity, culture, politic, participation
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Different views, the same instrument: the figure of the
conditionalities in the
Argentinean social policy. The background of a current scenario
Mora STRASCHNOY
The
following paper aims to analyze the origins and development of the
conditionalities mechanism in the
Argentinean social policies, which had place before the creation of the
“Asignación Universal por Hijo para Protección
Social”. The conditionalities will be defined as the link between a cash
transfer and the requirement of comply with certain behaviors related to health
and education practices; in the context of "non-contributory policies. The
beneficiaries of the behavior are the children and the responsible adults.
The empirical references of this study will be seven initiatives among,
legislative projects, popular proposals, pilot test and policies, all
implemented between 1997 y 2008. For each of them, the following issues will be
considered: the diagnosis that led to the adoption of the conditionalities; the
functions attributed to them, the actors involved and the background on
which they are based. The analysis will show that the conditionalities are
present in policies that imply very diverse
views about the receptors and about the motivation for their action.
Keywords:
Conditionalities;
conditional
cash transfer program;
political economy; rigths and obligations; human capital; co- responsibility.
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Labour market inclusion of people categorized as disabled.
Some thoughts for a necessary debate
Mauricio Mareño Sempertegui
This article
presents some thoughts about labour market inclusion of people socially and
culturally categorized as disabled.
The content is
based on the following question: Why has the involvement of people with
disabilities in the labour market been conceived as problematic? In the first
place, the article suggests two possible answers expressed as theses. Then,
national employment promotion programmes aimed at this segment of the population
are examined, focusing the analysis on the theses previously stated. In the
conclusions, it is stated that even though the question that structures the
article can be interpreted as naive, it constitutes a fundamental question to
analyse the phenomenon of disability and its links to the labour market from a
human rights perspective. It also suggests that these two theses reveal the main
barriers to employability and labour market inclusion of people with
disabilities. It makes reference to cultural barriers, i.e. social
representations, ideas and beliefs about employability, disability, people
defined as disabled and their possibilities of employability that are deeply
rooted in popular belief. The article states that addressing these barriers is
of essential importance to approach the core of the problem.
Keywords:
Labour market inclusion - employability quality and conditions – accessibility
- disability
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Social and solidarity economy, Work and Capitalism. Relationship between modes
of work and pattern of accumulations in the government of the labor force
José Gabriel Giavedoni
The goal of the
present paper is offer a theoretical reflection motivated by the recent
experiences of social and solidarity economy, i.e. leads us a practical concern
in the theoretical inquiry on the problem of 'work' in capitalism. In this way,
the intention is to analyze the relationship between the government of the labor
force, forms of work in the social economy and modes of capital accumulation. We
understand that the new ways of working that arise in contemporary capitalism,
it is not enough for them to be analyzed in terms of dysfunctions of the market
from which communities find ways of survival, nor enough that they are observed
as pockets with the potential to become alternative forms of production. We
believe necessary to account for the way in which it is thought the "work" in
the literature on social economy in order to focus more specifically some
relationships in the forms of work in social economy and the new patterns of
capital accumulation.
Keywords:
social and solidarity economy - work - capitalism
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Senses of work and domestic life organization by polices of the Province of
Buenos Aires
Sabrina Calandrón
This article
analyzes the characterizations of police activity as a job, describing the
perceptions of members of a punctual security force: the Police of the Province
of Buenos Aires. Throughout the paper, we analyze the site of the activity of
the police through his career. This allows the identification of relevant job
characteristics such as economic stability, social security grants and future
projections. However, the coexistence of dynamics supported in the police
bureaucratic system and those that are inclined towards the personalization of
labor relations, are also studied. Finally, conceptions of the family and the
logic of moral responsibilities towards it obtained a central place in the
development and meaning of work in the police.
Keywords:
Police – Work – Family - Domestic Economy
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The construction of the migrant subject in public policies. A study of two
municipalities of the east of Salta Province
Soraya Ataide
In Salta
Province, as well as in other Provinces of Argentina, Bolivian immigrants have
inserted mainly in the horticulture activity, aimed to fresh consumption of
vegetables for the local market. Particularly, in some areas of the Province,
the presence of Bolivian immigrants in all the stages of production is observed.
Some of them are currently producers (land owners or tenants). Within this
group, there are people who have managed to capitalize their production and have
in corporated modules or greenhouses, a pressurized irrigation system, and
hybrid seeds; that is to say, they have introduced the use of technology making
the difference with another group that develop “field production”. In addition,
and articulating with both groups, there are the farmhand and tenant workers
from Bolivian origin too.
In this
scenario, this paper analyzes the ways in which the diverse public policies at
national, provincial and local level related to the horticulture activity
construct the immigrant subject. The study is carried out in two municipalities
from the east of Salta Province. To this purpose, it is examined the political
agenda of different public institutions; the actions taken as well as the public
servants’ documents and discourses; the representativeness of the actors in the
arenas where policies are shaped; and the perception of the immigrant worker
present in them. In general, a tendency to make invisible the heterogeneity of
roles of Bolivian immigrants in the horticulture activity is observed. In other
words, the invisibility of them refers to the social class differences, and
especially, the precarious labor condition of farmhand and tenant workers in
this type of production.
Keywords:
Public policies - Subject - Immigrants - Bolivian workers
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The
territory of corruption: domination and resistance in a neighborhood of Buenos
Aires
Paula Boniolo
This article
analyzes how corruption schemes operate in a popular neighborhood of Great
Buenos Aires. We will place this analysis in the context of social relations
based on domination / subordination in which these schemes are inserted; also we
will study the characteristics and circumstances of the emergence of
micro-resistances against these schemes.
To rebuild
these schemes, we conducted interviews, observation and collected documents.
This analysis revealed corruption territorialization expressed in the
articulation between public and private sector, local micro-resistances, and the
schemes consequences at the territory and the daily life of workers.
Keywords:
Corrupt practices – domination – micro-resistance - territory
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Some
considerations on the concept of Labor in Karl Marx and critical analysis that
makes Jürgen Habermas
Juan A. Fraiman
The category
labor in Marxist literature is revalued to the late publication of the so-called
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of the young Marx. Among the various
contemporary readings, Habermas made a critical interpretation of those
writings rather philosophical-anthropological character and thus will
reformulate the conceptualization of Labor. However, Habermas not abandon his
interest in Marx and labor, will approach the phenomenon of "reification", but
only taking back criticism that Marx developed in Capital, especially in
exposing the commodity fetishism, with intent to reformulate in terms of a
theory of communication.
Keywords:
Labor, interaction, marxism, commodity
fetishism, communicative action.
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Between
land rearrangement and historical claims. The process of conformation of
Aboriginal Integral Law in Formosa
Miguel Leone Jouanny
The
promulgation of Aboriginal Integral Law in Formosa in 1984 opened a new time in
the story of legal treatment about indigene in Argentina. This paper makes
socio-historical analysis about the process of construction of that law, trying
to understand not only the political content of this legal mechanism but also
the nexus of political relationships in which the law approval has been
inserted. The paper shows that this approval was linked to ways of organizations
and mobilizations generated by indigenous communities of the province and links
with religious activists. It is stated that the first governmental impulses
towards legislate indigenous issues were not so related to an intention of
recognizing rights, but to an administrative and bureaucratic approach towards a
land rearrangement.
Key words:
legal treatment about indigene – Formosa – indigenous organization – indigenous
policy
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The crossroads of the growing- wine workers:
the trade unions and capital
Margarita Moscheni y Cindy Carrizo
The province of
San Juan has structured its productive machine in base to the growing- wine
activity historically. The wage earner of this area formed the biggest social
group which has a very diverse composition and controlled by a big number of
institutions which have different normative, interests, stories and strategy.
This situation determinate heterogeneous labors realities since workers with a
high level of precariousness in work until workers with better quality labors
conditions. The technology innovation has as result very flexible worker-
relations, subcontracting, new jobs, and a very marked earned- incomes
difference in the interior of the employ structure. This presentation takes as a
fundamental part the trade unions of the growing- wine workers in San Juan
describing this area in quality and quantity and analyzing the most important
characteristics of the leaders of the trade unions province and their type of
participation.
Keywords:
Work, Growing-Wine, Movilization, Trade Unions.
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Dois lados da moeda mesmo: cooperação e concorrência
Uma análise crítica em busca de continuidades e descontinuidades nas estratégias
empresárias
Hernán
M. Palermo
y
Julia Soul
The article
makes part of socila sciences debats about working class contemporary features,
questioning dichotomical analysis that opposes na old homogeneus class to a
new/fragmentated class. The text exposes a proposal to make more complex the
analisys of working class contemporary composition, from the standpoint of the
historial and localized sturturation of cooperation/competition relationships.
The article proposes to stablish some analitycal statements to interpretate
contemporary development of capital strategies and its links to working
collectives. To this, the text recover an extensive review of socioanthropologic
and historic researchs and the main findings of authors’ researchs
Keywords:
cooperation; competititon; corporative policies; worker collectives;
fragmentation
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Determinants of demand on local labor markets. An analysis of
wine industry in
Mendoza
María Albina Pol
Both supply and
demand factors are articulated in the territory determining the insertion of
different groups in the labor market. This article focuses on the demand
determinants in order to analyze the ways of organizing and managing the
workforce implemented by corporate actors who act in a specific territory. These
mechanisms respond, while reinforcing, the processes of employment flexibility
and the existence of segments with different opportunities for labor
participation. In order to achieve our objective we analyze the case of the wine
industry in Maipu (Province of Mendoza). The analysis shows that the
organization and management strategies that implement the wine industries in
Mendoza, have diversified in response to the dynamics of the activity in the
territory and the production model of each firm. These mechanisms form a clear
segmentation of workers at both inter-and intra-firm. The result is the
existence of subgroups with very different labor conditions, from disadvantaged
group, the low-skilled young women who work in smaller firms, to the workers
with the most favorable conditions, middle-aged and highly qualified men in
hierarchical positions in the wine industry‘s big establishments.
Key
words:
local labor markets, ocupational estructure, managment estrategies, wine
industry
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Prevention
of emotional impact situations on work environment.
A theoretical study and an analysis of its incidence in the sanitary
professional in the Basque country-Spain
Mariola Serrano Argüeso y Mónica Ibáñez González
The aim of this paper is to reflect on the working
conditions faced daily by a large number of service sector workers, as they
experience many situations of huge emotional impact. Emotional impact is a
psychosocial consequence defined by its lack of legal regulation and its
invisibility in the assessment of occupational hazards at the workplace. But it
is also related to emotional risks and to the dimensions of which it is
comprised: neurophysiological, cognitive, and behavioural. Our purpose is to
suggest prevention strategies for preventing situations that may hace negative
emotional impact on workers at health sector .
keywords:
emotions,
occupational
health,
emotional work.
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Hernán Fair
The
paper analyzes the modalities of
union resistance to the
menemist hegemony, based on tools from Laclau´s theory
of hegemony. It seeks to contribute
understand and explain, from political discourse
analysis, the absence of a
counter-hegemony to the neoliberal order
in union actors
during the 90s.
In absence of a roadmap
to implement the categories of
discourse theory to empirical
analysis, the text presents
an original proposal, which complex
its main tools for the study
of political dynamics. With this
conceptualization, seeks to
contribute to the development of
a useful and valid method for sociopolitical discourse
analysis and construction of hegemonies.
Keywords:
unionism; menemism; political
theory of discourse;
socio-political discourse analysis;
Ernesto Laclau.
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Recent history of the work and the workers. Notes about the traditional and the
new, what changes and remains in the world of work
Roxana Albanesi
Referring to
work is mentioning a complex multifaceted concept. At the same time, workers
form a heterogeneous social group whose place in social structure is diverse.
This article intends to reflect on the present characteristics of work. It
presents a brief summary which refers to the different forms taken by the
capital-work relation throughout time studying in depth the transformations
occurred from the crisis of industrial capitalism to our time.
The reflection
on what has changed and what remains as tendencies in the world of work depends
on the periodization used to approach the matter. The general evolution of
capitalism shows that informality, precariousness and instability are classic
working conditions when work is tied to self-regulated markets. The differences
are clearly identified when taking as reference the Welfare State period. From a
chronological point of view, the inequality of income between different branches
and within a group itself is nothing new, but the degradation of working
conditions and the lack of social protection are. In recent history, this
situation is perceived by workers as an increase on vulnerability and risks.
Unemployment –either as a reality or as a permanent threat–, flexible working
conditions, weakening of the belief in collective solutions, social resignation
and organization of individual and individualistic strategies are distinguishing
features in workers’ recent history.
Key words:
work; capital; transformations; heterogeneity.
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A
case study on urban poverty in Gran San Miguel de
Tucuman (Argentina) at the
beginning of the XXI century
Alejandra Carolina del Castillo
The Great San
Miguel de Tucumán, the most important of Northwest Argentina intermediate city
experienced rapid population growth, with an expansion of poverty, which was
significant in the early years of the century XXI. The development of the sugar
industry, the main economic activity of the province, and neoliberal economic
policies implemented in the last three decades of the twentieth century
affected, among others, on this process.
In this
context, was selected one of the areas with the highest incidence of poverty of
the aglomeratte, the neighborhood called John Paul II to investigate the
characteristics of these deprivations, structural factors and intervention in
this framework of persistence of poverty .
They are used
as sources of information to the National Census of Population and Housing 2001
and the results of semi-structured interviews with a sample of households in
that neighborhood.
The results
show the structural difficulties of the study population to overcome poverty
facing restrictions in the labor market and the lack of housing policies . The
state is present as a result of the critical conditions of life and the demands
of its citizens through various programs that do not solve the social
deterioration and only ensure the minimum thresholds of need.
Keywords:
urban poverty, Gran San Miguel de Tucumán, employment problems, hábitat
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Housework
and Exchange among Paraguayan immigrants in Rosario (Argentina): an
anthropological approach
Maria Georgina
Granero
Nowadays, the
study of housework as the main employment among immigrant women presents a
transnational scale and different possible dimensions: social, economical,
political and cultural ones. In this presentation, we will focus on the
situation of Paraguayan house-workers in the urban area of Rosario city (Santa
Fe, Argentina), from an anthropological and qualitative view. We will use a
corpus based on interviews and observations, which were made between 2011 and
2013 among Paraguayan migrants in that location. We will analyze that register
using the anthropologic category of exchange to define the relations in this
work field. Thus, we intend to explore the implications that exchange has in the
relation that immigrants built among them and with their employers, as long as,
there, ties are implicated and contrasted, debts are generated, social relations
are produced and reproduced. Finally, we will continue our approach toward the
analysis of immigrant workers’ value representations connected with: the work
field, the nationality and migration and gender condition; from their
intersection has been suggested the particularity of this social-working
insertion.
Keywords:
Migration; Housework; Exchange; Gender; Anthropology
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A
Menem’s soldier in the neoliberal crossroads. The dilemmas of a union leadership
during the 90s
Guillermo José Colombo
This study aims
to analyze the responses of a union leadership during the '90s, then facing the
dilemma of supporting the ruling party, Justicialist Party, which implemented a
set of policies affecting working conditions. Through journalism sources, union
sources and interviews study an important part of the history of the Sindicato
Obrero de la Industria del Pescado. It particularly explores the tradicion
political of union, theirs links with the ruling party, the internal movements
emerged and the processing of that dilemma.
Key words:
workers, trade-unions, menemismo, union bureaucracy
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Heterodox Professional Identities: The Case of
Medical Doctors and Psychologists
Who Integrate Alternative Medicines and Therapies in Argentina
Betina Freidin y
Pablo Borda
Western
societies experiment mutations in the processes of socialization and the job
market, which have ramifications in professional identity-building. We
understand identity as a continual process of inter-subjective productions in
multiple spaces of socialization and of interpersonal interaction, taking into
account the larger context of the growing singularization of personal
trajectories. In order to address different dimensions of identification with
professional work, we conducted in-depth interviews with medical doctors and
psychologists who integrated alternative medicines and therapies in their
clinical work in Metropolitan Buenos Aires. We focus the analysis on personal
and work experiences that lead them to give new meanings to their professional
practice and redirect their careers, and in this way depart from the hegemonic
paradigm in their respective disciplines. We frame their interpretations and
career decisions into intra-professional movements that put into question
orthodox training and practice, and larger socio-cultural trends that widen the
horizon for professional projects and identity work.
Keywords:
professional identity; medical doctors; psychologists; heterodoxies; life
stories; Argentina
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Social representations in dispute: domestic workers selection process among
middle class families in Buenos Aires
Débora Gorban
In this article we propose to analyse the different recruitment practices of
nannies, and the logic and different criteria that are deployed in the selection
process of the latter, between middle class and upper middle families of Buenos
Aires City. We will also focus on the analysis of these logics and criteria
through care work recruitment agencies.
The study of these practices will allow us to observe, on the one hand, which
are the expectations or what the families expect at the moment of the beginning
of the labour relationship with the care worker and at the same time, the fears
that these relationship suppose for the families. On the other hand this will
allow us to study the representations among those who hire care labour and those
who care.
Keywords:
women; labour; representations; care; domestic service
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Pleasures and commitment in secondary school teacher work: transformation of the
other and personal recognition
Mariana Nobile
This article
analyses the conditions under which teachers work takes place in a set of
schools in the city of Buenos Aires known as "Reentry Secondary School", which
were created to cater young people in age to attend secondary school but were
not doing it. The purpose is to highlight those elements that encourage the
development of a strong commitment among the teaching staff. The construction of
the student as "vulnerable" required from the teachers a special effort to grant
the schooling of this youngsters, which is possible through certain "emotional
labor" that allows them to cope with their work with patience until they see the
expected results in their students. The possibility to maintain their commitment
over time is due to the high levels of gratification, deriving of seeing their
work embodied in the transformation experienced by these young students. Some
final reflections on the implications of this kind of commitment and the
question about the possibility of replicating such experiences in other
institutions are presented.
Keywords:
Teacher labor; Commitment; Secondary School; Educational Inclusion; Emotions;
Argentina
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Different views, the same instrument: the figure of the
conditionalities in the
Argentinean social policy. The background of a current scenario
Mora Straschnoy
The
following paper aims to analyze the origins and development of the
conditionalities mechanism in the
Argentinean social policies, which had place before the creation of the
“Asignación Universal por Hijo para Protección
Social”. The conditionalities will be defined as the link between a cash
transfer and the requirement of comply with certain behaviors related to health
and education practices; in the context of "non-contributory policies. The
beneficiaries of the behavior are the children and the responsible adults.
The empirical references of this study will be seven initiatives among,
legislative projects, popular proposals, pilot test and policies, all
implemented between 1997 y 2008. For each of them, the following issues will be
considered: the diagnosis that led to the adoption of the conditionalities; the
functions attributed to them, the actors involved and the background on
which they are based. The analysis will show that the conditionalities are
present in policies that imply very diverse
views about the receptors and about the motivation for their action.
Keywords:
Conditionalities;
conditional
cash transfer program;
political economy; rigths and obligations; human capital; co- responsibility.
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Work and race conditions for teachers of national universities in Argentina.
The problem of mobility
Julieta Andrea Claverie
The article
presents the results of an investigation into the working conditions of teachers
in the public universities of Argentina, with emphasis on the problem of upward
mobility in their careers. A case study was conducted at the University of
Buenos Aires integrating the analysis of statistical data, more information from
in-depth interviews with teachers and administrators. A large number of teachers
working on contract terms a problem of upward mobility in their career paths,
realizing a segmented academic structure and a high concentration of positions
on the base.
In addition,
raw data revealed that the operation of the organization coexist structural,
political and cultural factors that affect the implementation of the formal
mechanism for open competition background and opposition. In this scenario, most
teachers expressed low expectations of career and uncertainty about their
professional growth, considering that opportunities think largely relate to the
possession of capital and the use of rules and informal strategies brought into
play by each subject, in the context of interactions.
Keywords:
academic work - working conditions - career mobility - college - university
teaching.
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Pleasures and commitment in secondary school teacher work: transformation of the
other and personal recognition
Mariana Nobile
This article
analyses the conditions under which teachers work takes place in a set of
schools in the city of Buenos Aires known as "Reentry Secondary School", which
were created to cater young people in age to attend secondary school but were
not doing it. The purpose is to highlight those elements that encourage the
development of a strong commitment among the teaching staff. The construction of
the student as "vulnerable" required from the teachers a special effort to grant
the schooling of this youngsters, which is possible through certain "emotional
labor" that allows them to cope with their work with patience until they see the
expected results in their students. The possibility to maintain their commitment
over time is due to the high levels of gratification, deriving of seeing their
work embodied in the transformation experienced by these young students. Some
final reflections on the implications of this kind of commitment and the
question about the possibility of replicating such experiences in other
institutions are presented.
Key Words:
Teacher labor; Commitment; Secondary School; Educational Inclusion; Emotions;
Argentina.
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Social networks and participation in the labor market: the case of Argentinean
immigrants in Spain (1976-2006)
Fernando Osvaldo Esteban
The aim of
the paper is to study the employment of Argentinean immigrants in Spain
analyzing social networks of immigrants. The article presents a case study in
the city of Madrid through a qualitative research perspective. This was
accomplished through semi-structured interviews with former economic migrants
and political exiles emigrated between 1976 and 2004. The main results show
that: a) Mainly, the networks were composed of "weak ties" (friends and
acquaintances); b) Social networks were crucial to the economic integration in
Spain, especially for immigrants without work permits; c) Employment was in the
secondary segment of the labor market; d) Social networks had a supporting role
in the (horizontal and vertical) labor mobility; e) Sources and effects of
social capital are different from former exiles and economic migrants
Keywords:
social networks, immigration, employment, Argentina, Spain
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Working conditions in new export fruit productions: the case of
blueberries in
the province of Entre Ríos, 2002-2010.
Roberto Muñoz
The production
of blueberries, practically unknown in Argentina two decades ago, has developed
incipiently during the 1990s and experimented a sensible growth after the fall
of the convertibility and the currency devaluation of 2002. Since then, the
cultivated surface as well as the volume of production have increased until
2008, placing our country second among the southern hemisphere's exporters,
after Chile. However, this process of growth stops since that year, when the
sector enters a crisis, entailing the bankruptcy of several companies.
On the other
hand, it's an activity with high demand of transitory workforce, especially for
the harvest period, wich is done manually and lasts only two months. It's often
said that the export orientation of the new agricultural productions modifies
the rules of corporate behavior towards the workforce, in terms of higher
formality of the labour markets. Challenging this ideas, this article intends to
analize the recent crisis that the cultivation of blueberries in Argentina is
going through and its effects upon the labour conditions of workers employed in
the harvest tasks in the province of Entre Rios.
Keywords:
blueberry production - harvest - working conditions
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The
figure of the just French consum'actor: consumer and citizen?
Gabriela Parodi
The neologism
consum'actor (consumer-actor) is used in different social spaces to go to
the consumers capable of exercising a form of commitment slant of the
consumption. The article shows how the figure of the consum'actor
fulfills a function of ideal type in the promotion of the consumption of
products of the fair trade for the case of promoters and French consumers´
interviewed in the frame of a sociological research. Observing the mechanism of
requalification of the consumer in consum'actor we analyze how there is
made an argumentation tending to politicize this act of purchase, interrogating
the logic of action of the promoters. The reflexivity of the just consumers on
the practices associated with the consum'actor allowed to know the limits
in the appropriation of this figure. The field porosity (market, consumption,
politics) mobilized in the argumentation for its characterization explains the
distance between that function and the limits of its appropriation as social
figure of the citizen commitment.
Key-words:
fair trade; fair consumer; citizen commitment; social figure; ideal-type.
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The moral economy of work. The social legitimacy of enterprises recuperated by
their workers.
Rebón, Julián
Kasparian, Denise
Hernández, Candela
The
recuperation of enterprises by their workers in Argentina represents a process
that despite its disruptive and innovative features has gained a wide social
legitimacy. Which are the logics that underlie such legitimacy? To what degree
this positive assessment extends to all the attributes of the process, even the
most disruptive? How do operating logics interact with the hegemonic values on
which stands the capitalist society? Through survey research, we measure the
social assessment of the recuperation of enterprises process in its different
dimensions and we inquire the cultural configuration that allows its
understanding. Revisiting the theoretical developments around the concept of
moral economy, we argue that the legitimacy the process gains is based on the
assessment of labor as a form of social, material and symbolic reproduction in
Argentinean society. This cultural configuration around labor allows the
discrimination between right and wrong, promoting collective action and a
tolerance to it; thereby presenting, limits to the commodification of labor.
Keywords:
social conflict, moral economy, work, enterprises recuperated by their workers.
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Indians, mestizos and santiagueños: Identity discourses around the Santiago del
Estero rural population in the second half of the nineteenth century and early
twentieth XX
Carlos Bonetti
This work aims
to investigate the identity discourses that were built around the rural
population of the province during the second half of the nineteenth and the
early twentieth centuries. Browsing around the production of discourses allows
us to understand how "what santiagueño is" was outlining in parallel to the
construction of otherness. Methodologically we took advantage of the analysis
produced by intelligentsia of the nineteenth century, foreign chronicles and
school notebooks. This enabled us to understand social and political conditions
in wich identity discourse on the santiagueño came up as a collective subject
and how it operated in rural areas in relation to the old colonial Indian and
mestizo identities. What santiagueño is, we understand, was the product of a
hegemonic discourse crossed by the dichotomy of the civilized and barbarian that
prevailed in a period when colonial classifications had been eroded.
Key words:
Santiagueño- indian- discourses- identity- civilization
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The political
process of labor reform in argentine public administration (1989-1999)
Martin Armelino
This article
discusses the political process of labor reform in the national public
administration, made in the 1990s by the government of Carlos Menem. Such reform
involved the adoption of an act of collective bargaining for this sector of the
public employment and empowerment to develop a collective labor agreement -the
first- for their employees. This new set of rules has introduced an important
set of rights and obligations, both individual and collective, for public
servants, but in the terms of a more flexible labor relations. How was it
possible that change? Considering that in the public sector trade union there is
plurality, the argument here is that could be performed because formed a part of
the set of agreements between the government and one of the two most influential
trade unions to perform the administrative reform.
Keywords: public trade
unions; public administration; public employees; labor reform; Argentina
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Work identities of
recipients of the Programa Ingreso Social con Trabajo “Argentina
Trabaja”
Malena Victoria
Hopp
This paper
analyzes the processes of building work identities of recipients of the
Programa Ingreso Social con Trabajo in connection with their participation
and membership in cooperatives created by the program. Considering that this
work units are promoted by social policy, the article investigates if the
identity is defined in relation to social policy or to the workplace. The
analysis is based on a qualitative study involving prolonged participant
observation in a cooperative and interviews to recipients of the program. This
paper develops, first, the theoretical approach from which the relationship
between work identity and social policies is analyzed. Then, the article
describes socio-occupational paths of the recipients, the forms of political
relations developed in the cooperative and the senses that subjects give to the
work done under the program. The investigation shows that the career paths make
sense that acquires cooperative work created by the program. Therefore, while
developing work tasks are considered in all cases a job, participation in these
labor units does not seem to have the possibility of building a collective
identity, linked to the associative work.
Keywords:
Work identities;
Program “Ingreso Social con Trabajo”; cooperatives; social policy
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State
reconfiguration and re- invention of the social in Actuals Argentina. The government of
poverty (2003-2012):
Cora Paulizzi
This article aims to analyze the
process of governmentalization the State in the current Argentina (2003-2012)
and its expression in the government of poverty. The connecting thread is in how
the role of the state is reconstructed in the articulation of a series of
discursive and non-discursive practices when it seems to confront the challenge
paradoxical of putting certain political and moral limits to the market and, at
the same time, enable a framework for the game to market possible. In the
Argentine case is to analyze how the government of poverty, understood as " the
power device " is exercised in the heterogeneity of social policies with a human
face , in an attempt to complement the economic subjects ( decent work and
"social economy ) , and legal subjects ( inclusion and equity ) .
Keywords:
Governmentality, Government, Poverty, Human Development, Legal and Economic
Subject Subject.
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Some considerations
on the minimum wage and the dynamics of the CGT in
the Wage Council in Argentina post-convertibility.
Mariel I. PAYO
ESPER
This article tries to give a brief
account of the main debates about the minimum wage issue: its possible effects
on employment, the usefulness as a tool for poverty reduction, and the different
forms of attachment. At the same time tries to explore which has been the role
of the CGT around the definition of the minimum wage in our country, primarily
reviewing their positions under the wage Council, convened in 2004 after 10
years of absence. For this we use new literature and a survey of the Argentinian
newspapers “Página 12” and “La Nación” between 2002 and 2004.
The few studies that examine the issue of the minimum wage do so from the point
of view of its scope and usually in the context of studies on poverty and
inequality, so the task becomes very important to rethink the positioning of the
Trade Union Confederation during the months immediately prior to the convening
of the Wage Council. This exercise invites to think about the relations between
trade unions state and businessmen and the union role in the resumption of
discussions on the minimum wage.
Keywords: Minimun wage,
CGT, Wage Council, post-convertibility.
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My dad is gone but
will come back.
Experiences of
migration between the non-migrants. "Migratory culture"
in the case of Plan 3000
neighborhood in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Fulvio Rivero
Sierra
This paper focuses on the study and
analysis of a scarcely studied phenomenon: that of the “consequences of
migration” in the area where migration itself originates. Namely, the case of
Plan 3000 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia) where a significant migration
process from this country to –mostly– Spain was registered between 1990 up to
almost the end of 2010. The research intends to be a contribution to knowledge
related to the case under study which is interpreted in the light of concepts
such as "migratory culture," "feeling of relative deprivation" and "transnationalism.
Keywords:
Bolivian migration; impact of migration; Santa Cruz de la Sierra; migratory
culture
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Training and
employment for female caregivers within the National Program of Home Care for
the Elderly
Natacha
Borgeaud-Garciandía
The present article focuses on the
National Program of Home Care, dependent on the Policies for the Elderly
National Agency. Over the past years, the program has been subject to
considerable transformation, with the inclusion of a “training and employment”
branch along with the compensation objective addressed to the care
beneficiaries, turning into a double perspective policy for its promoters,
contemplating both caregiving and employment needs. Our aim is to strengthen
this “new” program orientation, trying to unravel the representations and
impacts of training and employability promoted among women workers. After a
general overview of the program and some changes which took place throughout its
history, we focus on the representations that are derived from the tools of work
formalization and promotion, considering the experiences, working conditions and
lives of female caregivers. Finally, we examine some general aspects of their
employability after training, before we introduce this training and work
experience into two paths that show how, despite the similarities or possible
generalizations, their senses are inserted and become fully meaningful through
the personal and family backgrounds, desires and projections of each female
caregiver.
Key words:
Home care; national program; female caregivers; training; employment; elderly
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The Argentine youth
and their unstable labor paths: myths and realities
Pablo Pérez y Mariana Busso
In this article we put in question
assertions that, by its recurrence, have passed to shape part of the "common
sense" of youth studies. The idea of myth as a social institution brings us to
get closer to the assertions that we analyze, because they are
shared conventions. In this sense, we introduce in these pages an exercise
of contraposition between what we call myths and realities around three central
issues of youth employment studies: the jobs they accede, the recurring periods
of unemployment, and the configuration of their labor paths. The wide
bibliography on the topic will offer us the raw material of what we name myths,
whereas we will realize of what we express as realities from results of our
recent researches, product of the processing primary and secondary data.
To this end, we adopt a perspective
that articulates and complements quantitative and qualitative information. On
one side we analyze statistical data of youth (15 and 24 years) employment of
the Permanent Household Survey of the INDEC in the Great Buenos
Aires corresponding to the period 2006-2010. On the other hand, we
process information from a qualitative longitudinal panel of youth labor
paths made in the same geographical area and during the same period.
Keywords:
youth; unemployment; labor paths; Argentina
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Pottery production
in
“Ollería”
of the Jesuits from
Santiago,
Chile
(XVII-XVIII
centuries)
Claudia Prado,
Alfredo Gómez y Francisco Ocaranza
The present work circumscribed to the area of the
Colonial History, aims to recognize and understand a fundamental aspect of
pottery production in the hands of the Jesuits in Chile. Its production implies
multiple artifacts it worked for both domestic use requirements for hydraulic
piping of drinking water supply. We address the mechanisms of production,
ceramic typologies, its importance and features of the production process in the
context of the economy of colonial Spanish society of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries.
Key Words:
work; indigenous; pottery; colonial economy.
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Globalization and upper
classes in the Argentine wine boom
Mariana Heredia
This article
presents the recomposition of wine elites face to wine’s globalization. The
speed and depth of these changes in an enclosed space and in an activity clearly
linked to the social elites of this Argentinean province make this case a
privileged observatory of upper class in the context of economy
transnationalization. Based on documentary materials, an extensive statistical
and field work, it explores the local and global history of this boom, it
presents changes in the forms of companies’ ownership and management and it
describes the resulting relationships among managers and winemakers as well as
their links to less skilled workers. In a dialogue with social stratification
studies, it demonstrates the heterogeneity, fluidity and opacity of wine elites
and the new principles of integration, coordination and distinction of these
elites in today's capitalism.
Key words:
elites; Upper classes; globalization; winemaking; Argentina; social
stratification.
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Labour mobility of workers with temporary contracts: mechanism of access to
stable employment or regularisation of labor instability?
David Trajtemberg y
Hernán Varela
In this paper we analyze the
current status of the workers hired through Temporary Employment Agencies (TEA)
in Argentina since 2008 until 2011. In addition we are interested in determining
these employees´ probabilities of employment in more stable jobs.
The starting point of our
theoretical approach is that the employment contract for an indefinite period,
continuous, with protection against dismissal and regulations covered by
collective agreements and trade union organizations, is the central form of
personnel recruitment which emerged in the Western economy, and was promoted in
our country during the import substitution industrialization model. The figure
of the temporary contract, which gained prominence with neoliberal governments
that were installed since 1976, represents a break with the characteristics of
the indefinite contract.
The temporary contract is rooted in
a contractual triangulation: a commercial relationship between firms and two
labor relations (formal and informal). This triangulation dilutes the employer's
responsibilities and, therefore, implies workforce fragmentation.
Key words:
employment temporary; contract labor; mobility temporary; employment
subcontracting.
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Organizing the
working class. Unions, resistance and struggle in the sugar industry of Tucuman
during interwar years
María Ullivarri
The aim of this paper is to analyze
the dynamics of the sugar worker scenario of Tucumán, with special emphasis on
the interwar period. In this direction we will emphasize the forms of struggle
and union organization, the ways in which workers filed a dispute for control
hegemonic cultural terms upon which the world of sugar was built, ordered and
legitimated and finally we will focus on the internal difficulties and conflicts
between groups.
Keywords:
workers; sugar industry; Tucumán; labor conflicts
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Dynamic in
generation and quality of employment and its distribution by branches of
activity, in Santiago del Estero-La Banda, 2003-2010
Ramón A. Díaz
The changes of economic orientation
that followed the 2001-02 crisis implied impacts on the levels of activity and
employment in the urban areas of the country which have been conditioned by
preexisting structural factors that determined the transmission channels of the
economic expansion initiated in 2003, on each area covered by the Permanent
Household Survey (INDEC-EPH).
The objectives of this paper were:
to quantify the dynamics of the evolution of employment in the Santiago-La Banda
area throughout the cycle from a comparative perspective with regard to the rest
of the country; to give dimensions to the problem of employment quality
alongside the formality-informality axis; and to consider how the jobs created
were distributed among the branches of economic activity throughout the 2003-10
period.
The results that were obtained in
the work show that the quantitative achievements until 2008 revealed to be
transitory and very sensitive to the phases of the economic cycle, and that the
problem of jobs quality was aggravated in spite of a certain diminution
coincident with that observed in total employment, all of which was related to
the dominant role of the branches of Trade and Construction within the total
variation of employment levels in the area studied.
Key Words:
growth in employment - quality of employment - informal sector -informal
employment
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Since power
technologies to technologies of the self: reflections of business management
techniques on key foucauldian
Natalia L.
GONZALEZ
The factories
are understood by
Foucault
as one of the
spaces
of confinement
of the disciplinary society
where
technology
uses
a special
power and
a particular form
of domination
represented by
the discipline.
Thus,
the technology of
punishment
as
public executions
body's
own
sovereign
power
which
constitutes
leitmotif
take life or
let live
gives way
to technology
which is expressed in
a punishment
more discreet,
silent,
it has to do
with
a redefinition
of power.
This paper examines
the techniques
or technologies
derived from
knowledge
and are used
by organizations to
exercise power.
Thus,
availing ourselves of
the development poles
invented in
the eighteenth century as
techniques of power,
the
anatomical
and biopolitics,
Foucault
links the
perspective
on the technologies
of power with
the classic studies of
the administration. Also, certain points of attachment between
the technologies of the self and new management perspectives.
Keywords:
antomopolitics – biopolitics –
management – taylorismo - new perspectives of management.
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Dilemmas and
challenges of the Argentine unionism. The voices of labor leaders on the
political recent history
Paula ABAL
MEDINA
The present article proposes itself
problematizar, in a preliminary way, the principal dilemmas and challenges that
the union form crosses as consequence of two processes: the regressive
transformation of the hard-working world that was deepened during the decade of
ninety and, later, the changes prepared to the heat of the social process that
ended in December, 2001 and of the reinstatement of a national - popular
identity, from 2003, with the governments of Néstor and Cristina Kirchner. The
primary principal source of the writing is constituted by interviews in depth to
labor leaders who took part of the creation of the Workers' Head office of the
Argentina (CTA) and the Workers' Movement of Argentina (MTA).
Key words:
union form - type of hard working subject - type of trade-union organization
-ideologies and debates on the political recent history.
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Division of labor
and coordination mechanisms: Labor Studies Dynamics in Argentina.
An evolutionary
approach
Leopoldo
BLUGERMAN, Diego SZLECHTER y
Gabriela TAVELLA
Latin American social sciences in
general and regional Labor Studies in particular, have gone through different
stages along its history. The existing literature and interviews carried out
with referents of the discipline, suggest that subcontinental research agenda
has been permeated by macro phenomena that were shaping the social, political
and economic climate of each of the respective periods. From a historical
perspective, this paper proposes to trace a tour through the development of
Labor Studies in Argentina accounting for the different coordination
mechanisms and forms of sociological work practice prevailing in each of its
stages of development.
Keywords:
Labor studies - Coordination mechanisms - Division of labor.
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Structural reforms
and its impact on the bases of power of the Chilean and Uruguayan unionism
Julio César
GONZALEZ y Francisco ZAPATA
The article tries to exhibit since
they concerned the sources of power of the union Chilean and Uruguayan movement,
the structural reforms and the productive reorganization of the companies
influenced by the processes of globalization, specifically in the aspects of
commercial opening, privatization of state companies and labor deregulation. In
the development of the work, together with checking the expositions of
theoretical and investigators, opinions and actors' reflections join linked
directly to the problematics, for the reasons above mentioned of a series of
interviews realized to labor leaders, academic, leader of national level of
political parties and ex-authorities of the departments of the work of the
countries in study.
Keywords:
Reforms – Structural – Unionism –
Chile - Uruguay.
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Precarious formations in the State: university internships
as a pedagogical
labor control device
Marina ADAMINI
University
internships are a labor insertion mechanism that that aims to give students a
learning experience in the workplace in their area of study. From a legal
standpoint, they are presented as educational practices that do not involve any
kind of employment relationship and therefore are exempt from its protections
and social benefits. We consider that internship training is confounded with
the working conditions under which it is carried out, so that the absence of
labor rights and their instability condition the notion of what it means to "be
a worker" and "do work" that interns incorporate via this mechanism of labor
socialization. The aim of this paper is to analyze the internship as a
pedagogical control device, observing their impact on the material conditions of
the work and the subjectivity of the interns. To that end, we will use the case
study of a public workspace La Plata city where approximately 150 interns from
the National University of La Plata work. In-depth interviews and analysis of
legal documents will be used as methodological strategies.
Keywords:
University internships - Precarious employment - Control device - Public
employee
Suitable incomes and job satisfaction: probabilistic analysis based on a 2007
survey of higher education graduates in Colombia
Grace Margarita ANGULO PICO, Raúl QUEJADA PÉREZ,
Martha YÁNEZ
CONTRERAS
This paper is
directed towards showing the importance of university studies in
Colombia, through the probablilty of getting suitable incomes and job
satisfaction, using the Graduate Survey 2007, from the Ministerio de
Educación Nacional de Colombia. Methodologically, logit Probabilistic models
were used in order to analyze the effect on incomes and labor satisfaction of
personal, educational, and work skill variables, concluding that the most
important predictors are the variables concerning education, level of training,
origin of the university, and the state where it is located, type of contract,
job-profession ratio, on-the-job training, and the parents’ education level.
Further research is required to measure labor satisfaction more adequately.
Keywords:
Suitable Incomes, Job Satisfaction, Higher Education Graduates, Logit
Models.
Income transfers, cooperativism or wage labor? The "Argentina works" program
Pilar
ARCIDIÁCONO, Karina KALPSCHTREJ
Ángeles
BERMÚDEZ
Since 2009,
Argentina has developed significant transformations in social policies intended
for sectors poorly integrated into the formal labor market, such as the
“Asignación Universal por Hijo para la Protección Social (AUH) and Programa
Ingreso Social con Trabajo- “Argentina Trabaja” (PRIST-AT), both in 2009.
Here we will
address PRIST-AT – scantily analyzed in the academic world in comparison with
the AUH -, as an income transfer policy in the context of the generation of jobs
formed and funded directly by the State.
We will
consider the central discussion on Welfare in Argentina today and, in
particular, the factors that pose difficult questions for the PRIST-AT within
the framework of Social Economy and cooperative practice, especially when one
considers the way it coexists, at various levels of tension, with other social
welfare provision methods- such as income transfer and the promotion of
wage-labor.
Keywords:
Social welfare - Social economy – Cooperativism - Income transfer - Wage labor.
Hidden workers: a method of including informal work in measurements of Gross
Geographic Product for the Municipality of General Pueyrredon
Ana Julia ATUCHA y María Eugenia LABRUNÉE
In order to
have updated information on the labor and production characteristics of a
region, the previous estimation of the Gross Geographic Product (GGP) for the
Municipality of General Pueyrredon has been reconsidered via a study conducted
in 2010-2011, including the calculation of a new base year (2004). With the aim
of improving the valuation of economic activities, and also with the purpose of
having a more realistic snapshot of local economic performance, the study
included an important effort to measure the non-observed economy (NOE).
The objective
of this article is to present the strategy applied in order to include informal
work in the productivity metric. To address this issue, both the major operative
definitions and the key NOE metric are described from the National Accounts
perspective. Particularly, we have emphasized the approach that was selected for
the local NOE measurement, the so-called Italian method.
As a
consequence of the corrections implemented, more than 75,000 employed workers
and an increase of 67% of added-value were incorporated in the GGP measurement.
However, these findings fail to cover two important NOE sectors: housing
services and paid domestic service.
Keywords:
Informal economy - Unobserved economy - Underground economy - Gross Domestic
Product
Contributions to the legal question of peasant labor in an Argentina based
around agribusiness
Pablo BARBETTA
The
consolidation of agribusiness has increased conflictuality in Argentine
agriculture on the subject of land as a result of problematic situations
involving ownership of land and use of natural resources (water, forests) (Dominguez,
2009), an expansion environmental problems and rural pollution cases (Dominguez
and Sabatino, 2005), the emergence of violence in the country (evictions and /
or enclosure of indigenous and rural populations, among other violence) (GER,
2004; GEPCYD, 2009 ). In this work, we intend to make a contribution to the
legal question of peasant labor, with emphasis on the role assumed by the
judiciary in the dispute over land between peasant and entrepreneurs on the one
hand. On the other hand, we enquire into the actions taken by the political
branches (executive and legislative), at the national and / or provincial level
in order to carry out the regularization of peasant holdings.
Keywords:
Conflict – Land – Peasant – Judicial – Legal -Political strategies.
Corporations, entrepreneurs, social alliances and political disputes in the
return of Peronism (1969-1974)
Gonzalo SANZ CERBINO y Verónica BAUDINO
The period in
Argentina’s history that extends between Cordobazo and Perón’s return was
particularly turbulent. A crisis of accumulation that had dragged on since the
1950s, together with popular activism led to a regime crisis and forced an
opening to democracy. In this troubled landscape Perón’s return, banned for 18
years, was conceived. In addition to the support his return elicited from the
working class and the petty bourgeoisie, Peronism was also supported by various
sectors of the ruling class. In many cases, it was the same sectors that had
supported the coup of 1955 and the prohibition of the following years. In this
paper we analyze, based on the reconstruction of political interventions by
major interest groups, the disputes within the ruling class about the return of
Peronism. We study the resurgence of the reformist alliance, their
confrontations with the "liberal" pole and the attraction that Peronism held
for many entrepreneurs. We hope to contribute to the knowledge of one of the
least studied aspects of this process.
Keywords:
Bourgeoisie – Peronism –
strategy - alliances
Notes about the concept of Productive Model: structure, social formation
and production of subjectivities.
Osvaldo
BLANCO y Dasten JULIÁN
This article
discusses the development of a production model concept as a mode of
accumulation, production of social relations, subjectivity and social
organization. It presents a look at their interpretations and conceptual
genealogies, its application under different paradigms, and a proposal from
social theory to extend the field of analysis and meaning. We introduce the
problem of complexity and multidimensionality in the formation of subjectivities
and identities from the work- and non-work contexts, extending the field of
analysis, beyond the world of work, which is itself economically productive.
Finally we propose guidelines for empirical studies to systematize the current
matrix of domination, from emergent phenomena in the field of the World of Work.
Keywords:
Productive Model – Subjectivity - Social Class – Consumption - Identity.
The labor market of sociologists in Argentina since the restoration of
democracy. The case of UBA graduates
Juan Pedro BLOIS
Since democracy
was reestablished, the work places where sociologists were employed in Argentina
experienced a remarkable growth and became highly heterogeneous. To the recovery
and normalization of academic institutions, which extended the amount of
positions where sociologists could engage in teaching and social research, a set
of non-academic institutions were added which began to recruit a growing number
of sociologists (state agencies, consulting firms specializing in market
research or public opinion polls, large private companies, NGOs). Although it
was not an unprecedented phenomenon, the expansion of these placements produced
a deep redefinition of the local sociology field, with a growing number of
individuals using the tools of the discipline beyond academia. This paper
analyzes and describes the changes in the labor market of sociologists since the
mid eighties. On the one hand, it seeks to examine the varied spheres or areas
that incorporate graduates, the tasks they demand, the pace they imposed, the
methods of recruitment and circulation and the representations or evaluation
they generate in sociologists. On the other, it tries to show that, diffrently
from other national cases, the circulation and multiple placements are very
frequent.
Keywords:
Labor market – Sociologists – Academy – State – Enterprises - NGOs.
Affections, knowledge and proximity in shaping the management of child
care in the home. Domestic service employees and employers in the city
of Buenos Aires
Santiago CANEVARO
This paper
analyzes the logics of affectivization that come into play in the employment
relationship between employers and their employees in the City of Buenos Aires
from analyzing agreements, negotiations and conflicts that arise in the
management of child care work. Using a relational approach, having worked with
both the employers and those employed as domestic workers, this study focuses on
the interstitial spaces of dialogue, tension and agreements that occur between
the parties if the affective dimension comes into play. Our interest is to show
how the relationships portrayed in affectivity operate as a matrix that
organizes, defines and regulates rights and duties between both parties, making
it difficult to determine a unique logic in the "relationship models" that are
built daily.
Unlike what
happens with the cleaning task management, we will show how, where the childcare
is concerened, control, disputes as degrees of supervision and criteria of
efficiency and effectiveness around knowledge related to care work come into
play, having consequences for both sides of the relationship. The customization
of the employment relationship constitutes a particular frame of arrangements
and meanings that operate as nodal vectors in the negotiations that employers
hold with their employees. The intensity of contact and closeness with the
children they care for often leads employees to evaluate an employment /
contractual relationship in terms of a link that is lived and expressed in terms
of family and kinship.
Keywords:
Childcare - Middle clases – Domestic work - Inequality – Affect – Buenos Aires
Concerning the politics as a “moral problem”. The corruption-anticorruption
division as a principle of political differentiation in the center-left of the
1990s
Damián CORRAL
The intention
of this work is to analyze how corruption was transformed into a relevant public
problem in Argentina during the 1990s and how it was incorporated in the
political agenda of the center-left opposition to the national government.
Specifically, we will pose the question of the form in which it was
conceptualized on the part of the “Group of Eight” as the first precedent of the
positioning of this political space on the topic.
Likewise, we
will explore a particular “moral reading” of politics already present in the
Frente Grande and developed by the Frepaso that granted predominance to the
corruption-anti-corruption axis as a principle of political differentiation and
the organizational core of opposition strategy against the government of Menem,
thus constributing to a strengthening of a morality external to politics which
evaluated the latter based on negative standards.
Keywords:
Center-left – Corruption – Thematization - Political communication.
Seasonal migrations: the case of Santiago del Estero workers in the detasseling
of corn (2009-2012).
Agustina DESALVO
Santiago del
Estero has historically been an expelling labor province, rural and urban. Not
only is definitive migration characteristic of the province, but so too are
significant seasonal migrations. That is, those involving temporary displacement
of the population and that, in general, may be restricted to harvest periods.
The “swallow workers” are employed in different activities and in different
provinces: at Catamarca and La Rioja working in the olive harvest, at San Juan
and Mendoza in grape and fruit trees; at Neuquén and Rio Negro they are employed
at the apple and pear harvest and at Tucumán in the lime, cane, strawberry and
blueberry harvest. Other activities in which they work are potatoes (Buenos
Aires and Cordoba), onions (Buenos Aires, San Juan, Mendoza, Cordoba, Santiago
del Estero) and corn detasseling (in the core area of the country). The aim of
this paper is to describe and analyze corn detasseling work between the
2008/2009 and 2011/2012 seasons; that is, before and after complaints of "slave
labor". I use in-depth interviews conducted with workers and former workers of
corn detasseling; also with key informants of the industry. I also use
specialized literature and news reporting. I observe and analyze the changes in
working conditions and the nature of the work.
Keywords:
Seasonal migrations - Detasseling corn - Santiago del Estero - Slave labor.
Trajectories of life, work and health of licensees in a Wholesale Flower and
Vegetable Market
Ângela Maria FERREIRA; Aparecida Mari IGUTI, Inês MONTEIRO
This research
aimed to understand the role of a fruit, vegetable and flowers wholesale
distribution center from the owners’ viewpoint in their occupational lives and
health. A qualitative approach is employed with open response interviewing. The
study included 24 owners selected during working time in Ceasa, involving some
‘pioneers’ (first generation) and other young (second generation) of both sexes
(male and female) and age groups. The role and importance of this institution
are related to the generation of jobs and stability for ‘pioneers’ and their
descendants and for job provision. In the established relationship between work
and owners’ health it is reported that the older work, even heavy work,
propitiated satisfaction and health. For many of the owners from the younger
generations, however, the perception prevailed that the activity is stressful,
demanding care for preserving health.
Keywords:
Work – Health – Food - Flowers.
Approaches and
advancement in the field of labor flexibility: a conceptual analysis and
preliminary noology
Francisco Ganga Contreras, Juan Felix Burotto y Erwin
Navarrete Andrades
The cardinal
purpose of this work is to establish a preliminary approach to the field of
labor flexibility, from a conceptual and noological point of view. This paper
aims to examine the issue of labor flexibility. A detailed scrutiny of texts
that belong to multidisciplinary fields was carried out. In this study, the
complexity theory and, within it, noology, and the concepts of ideology were
used in order to find out if there could be an advancement in order to
understand labor flexibility in the discourse as a structured system of ideas
and even with the possibility of being considered as a rational theory. Mainly,
the specific circumspections of the texts fail to consign the necessary rigor to
create a system of ideas, but this phenomenon is perceived as a foundation for
other views in the economic and sociological systems. Axiomatic elements are
found in the analysis of the last text and this finding could show that the
flexibility-flexibilization could reach a real status for a rational theory, in
any less ideological sense, which could serve as a core or be integrated into a
different polynuclear theory, but in both cases, with epistemic certainty.
Keywords:
Labor flexibility - Labor flexibilization – Noology - System of ideas.
Workforce in horticulture of La Plata (Buenos Aires,
Argentina).
Reasons for and consequences of their competitiveness.
Matías GARCÍA
The aim of this
paper is to describe and analyze the characteristics of horticultural work,
particularly from La Plata. In addition to a qualitative and quantitative
analysis of the latter, is to identify ways in which this competitiveness comes
to the subject that the Bolivian horticulturalist brings, as well as to a
particular region-La Plata. In that sense, the article has a first part which is
a brief description of the different types and the relative importance of
adopting the sector work, particularly in the last 20 years. It also has a
second part which analyzes the competitiveness of Bolivian labor, a pillar of La
Plata’s horticultural expansion. Finally, the relationship develops a
competitive pillar with one of the main problems of the activity: labor shortage.
Keywords:
Labor – Exploitation – Competitiveness - Horticulture.
Politics for Dignity: A Proposal to go Beyond the Workers Crisis
Tania GARCÍA RAMOS
The purpose of
this article is to present a proposal consisting of four policies to go beyond
the workers crisis and promote an emancipatory society. These policies are: 1)
The reduction of working hours, 2) The extension of leisure, 3) a guaranteed
social income, and 4) Social rent. In the paper, I will explain each of them and
the possibility of creating a Politics for dignity. The reduction of working
hours integrates the positive aspects of the technological revolution,
increasing leisure for everyone. Leisure gives humans the opportunity to empower
their lives. Leisure activities will be the principle that guides social
reproduction. It will be used for the creation and enjoyment of social things
eliminating excessive work. The reduction of working hours will be guaranteed by
a social income that ensures dignity; it does not implicate an income reduction.
Humans will unite in two levels: 1) In the humanization and enrichment of work,
and 2) The reduction of working hours without decreasing income. Peoples´ income
will consist of a direct income and a social rent, saved and distributed by the
State, that will guarantee life in periods of work and leisure.
Keywords:
Politics for dignity - Reduction of working hours – Leisure - Guaranteed social
income - Social rent.
The “provincial writers”: Cultural mediators, institutions and “peripheral”
literary circuits (Córdoba, 1940-1960)
Ezequiel GRISENDI
The
specialization process of the cultural field and the emergence of various types
of intellectual figure must be understood from the dynamics of each area of
production of symbolic goods and their role in political and cultural geography,
broadly construed.
In this case,
we analyzed the relationship between some cultural mediators and the formation
of literary social spaces in Cordoba between the early 1940s and the late
fifties. In our argument, it is important to note the forms actually produced by
those denouncing and complaining about the status of writers in provincial areas,
to note certain courses of action taken in the debate on the professionalization
of the "man of letters" and to attend to the editorial ventures that promoted in
order to spread their production circuits of varying scope. The final
concentration of the means of literary consecration in Buenos Aires, the
unstable situation of the main agents of the provincial circuit and the
progressive renewal of the "aesthetic criteria" over the decade of the fifties,
largely defused the experiences surveyed here.
Keywords:
Cultural mediators – Literary Circuits – Institutions – Córdoba
Some notes about the academic professionalization of Education Studies
Nicolás José ISOLA
This study lies
at the intersection of a History and a Sociology of the Professions. Throughout
this work, where the notions of professionalization and disciplinarization are
conceptualized, we provide a theoretical description of these two processes in
Education Studies. This discipline has been strongly linked with the formation
of educational systems and the need to generate layers of experts in the state.
One of the main issues to address is the link between practices and the
scientific specificity of this discipline, which is, in turn, greatly bound up
with state policies. This subject is analysed in the present paper with
reference to studies on the structuring and professionalization of scientific-disciplinary
spaces.
Keywords:
Professionalization – Disciplinarization – Academic field – Education -
Intellectuals
The evolution of collective labor agreements in the leather industries in
Argentina (1954 to present)
Marina KABAT
We examine the
evolution of collective labor agreements in the two most important sectors
within the leather industry: tanneries and shoe factories, from 1954 until
today. We focus on the composition of wages (particularly in the presence or
absence of payment associated with productivity), the rules related to the tasks
performed by the workers and labor conditions which are associated with
flexibility (the fragmentation of holidays, engagement clauses, etc.). We hope
to contribute to the development of knowledge about Argentine labor institutions
and provide a historical perspective on labor flexibility, to account for the
specificities of the different segments of the working class. This case study
allows us, in turn, to take a first look at various rounds collective
bargaining, so far little studied, and at the laws that regulated them.
Keywords:
Collective agreement – Tanning industry – Shoes - Labor flexibility.
Contractual flexibilty, outsourcing and workers divisions: current situation and
union response in Quickfood (Paty) Martínez. 1998-2006
Sebastián
LEVALLE, Lucía
CAÑAVERAL, Julieta OXMAN, Florencia REVALE
As part of the
struggle for control over the work process, the business class has implemented
since the seventies a series of devices designed to ensure the disciplining of
the working class and the maximization of profits. As part of this strategy, the
management policies deployed flexibility and labor outsourcing, within and
outside the existing regulatory frameworks, altering the balance of power
between capital and labor. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the
business offensive deployed in Quickfood company´s Martinez plant, Buenos Aires,
between 1998 and 2006, addressing in turn the forms of resistance to the
offensive attempted by organized labor.
Keywords:
Business offensive - Labor flexibility - Labor outsourcing - Labor movement.
SME’s APYME organization in times of labor market flexibilization
María Alejandra MARTÍNEZ FERNÁNDEZ
This paper
addresses the position taken by the SMEs organization Asamblea de Pequeños y
Medianos Empresarios (APYME) on employment policies tending towardslabor
market flexibilization during Menem´s and De la Rua´s Governments in Argentina.
We will focus on the main provisions of public laws 24.467 of 1995, 25.013 of
1998, and 25.250 of 2000 and how APYME has assessed them taking into account
that some of the legitimizing arguments government put forward to introduce
changes into labor laws was the need to modernize labor relations and promote
SMEs’ competitiveness.
Keywords:
Flexibilization - Small and medium sized business - Entrepreneurs union - Labor
laws.
Translating the 19th and 20th
of December: On fidelity and tradition in
contemporary Argentine politics
Santiago MARTÍNEZ
This work
analyzes the links between translation and politics at the beginning of the 21st
century in Argentina, taking in a tradition of writing and reading existing in
some texts of D. F. Sarmiento, J. L. Borges and R. Piglia, in order to consider
the uses of fidelity in relation to the events of the 19th and 20th of December
2001, and their relationship with narratives of Kirchnerism as an anomaly.
Keywords:
Translation – Politics – Fidelity - 19 y 20 – Kirchnerism.
Urban territory and religious places. Towards an analysis of territorial
religious inscriptions in the city of Santiago del Estero.
Gloria MIGUEL
Both
Catholicism and the different Evangelical churches have expanded and entrenched
themselves in the Argentine territory according to historical and regionally
differentiated logics. A survey of religious landmarks in the city of Santiago
del Estero allows us to access contemporary information with respect to how
institutions and religious groups, as well as believers, inscribe themselves in
the urban territory. It is in this intervention in space that manners
qualitatively separated from territorial inscription can be recognized and it is
there that attempts to make religious minorities more visible are perceptible -
especially when it comes to the heterogeneous set of Evangelical churches.
We approach
this problem using the proposal of R. Segato –regarding the analysis of
religion, territory and the contemporary politics of space- since it offers
tools for the analysis that we put forward in this work of the presence of
temples and their role as territorial religious inscription in the city. In this
respect we consider information obtained in a mapping of religious landmarks in
neighborhoods of the city of Santiago del Estero, as well as information
offered by the 1st National Survey on Beliefs and Religious Attitudes in
Argentina that bring us close to the dynamics of religious participation on the
part of the faithful in both Catholic and Evangelical worship in the country.
Keywords:
Urban territory – Religion - Territorial inscriptions.
Labor insertion trajectories of poor young women: the place of Vocational
Training programs and its approaches to gender
Verónica MILLENAAR
The article
analyzes the trajectories of labor insertion of a group of girls in poverty who
graduated from different Vocational Training Programs (VT), in the Metropolitan
Area of Buenos Aires, between 2008 and 2010. The article focuses on their links
to work and strategies employed, regarding their processes of insertion into the
labor market, to observe the extent to which participation in VT courses reduce
the multiple inequities when facing the sphere of labor. We argue that, despite
the social and gender conditionings, the incidence of those courses and the way
young women benefit from such training experiences are different, and this is a
result of the complex linkage between their subjectivities, the approach to
gender of institutions and the structural characteristics of the employment
market.
Keywords:
Young women – Poverty – Gender – Labor insertion- Vocational training
Social subjects in plains agribusiness. A case study in
Pehuajó (Buenos Aires
province, Argentina).
Manuela MORENO
The Argentine
agricultural sector has experienced deep transformations in the last decades.
Though controversies exist with respect to which changes result from new
processes or from long-standing trends in the sector, what is evident is that at
present there exists a complex reality which needs to be rethought. In this
connection, the question for the social actors that integrate the sector is of
special relevancy, since it allows us to explore the structural processes at the
local level and to identify the answers of the social agents.
Given these
considerations, the objective of this article is to analyze, using a case study
from a party of the province of Buenos Aires, who are the actors involved in the
current agricultural sector, taking into account both the paths and its current
situation - in relation with the production – and aspects linked to the ways of
conceptualizing the sector, the form in which they perceive both current
agribusiness and their place in it.
Keywords:
Plains agribusiness - productive sphere - agrarian actors – characterization.
“My children drop any day in a farm and they will not be hungry because they
know”: formative opportunities and youth work in southwest Misiones- Argentina”
Ana PADAWER
The first part
of this article presents a discussion about children and youth work and its
consequences in conceptualization of formative experiences via participation in
rural tasks, in a social context of structural desemployment and normative
change. The second part is focussed on the relevance of de-peasantization and
re-peasantization, as concepts formulated and applied in other regional
contexts, to understand living conditions of squatters and farmers in the zone
under study (southwest of Misiones-Argentina). Finally, via the presentations of
two families, I want to discuss how these social conditions have influence in
formative opportinities in rural work for different generations.
Keywords:
Peasants – Rural work – Formative experiences – Youth
Constitution and redefinition of political identities: The
argentinian workers´
central (2000-2005).
María Virginia QUIROGA
The aim of this
paper is to analyze the emergence and consolidation of the CTA´s identity,as an
alternative trade union. The CTA articulated a variety of sectors -not just
formal workers- which reacted to neoliberalism and its ways of understanding
policy and politics. However, despite its formidable ability to bring workers
together, the CTA suffered desmobilization and fragmentation since the year
2003.
This analysis
is based on the category “political identity”, articulated by Ernesto Laclau,
understood as a parcial fixation of a discursive configuration which is produced
by an articulatory practice (Laclau, 2000, 2004). In that sense, Gerardo Aboy
Carlés states that a political identity inolves a double process: homogenization
and differentiation (Aboy Carlés, 2001, 2011) in the middle of a relative
structurality.
Therefore, we
try to understand the CTA´s political identity from three dimentions:
representative, otherness and traditions.
Keywords:
Political identity - Labor unions – Traditions – Demands – Antagonism.
One social policy, three distinctive gender effects: the local implementation of
a conditioned cash transfer program in Argentina
Ana Laura RODRÍGUEZ GUSTÁ
This article
examines the local implementation of a conditioned cash transfer program in
Argentina named Plan for Unemployed Heads of Household (Plan Jefes y Jefas de
Hogar Desocupados). It seeks to analyze how municipal governments construct
gender identities and, in so doing, offer different opportunities for the
population of men and women that receive public social assistance. By addressing
implementation of the plan in three local councils in the Province of Buenos
Aires (Argentina), we pose the following questions: what are the actual actions
and practices developed to implement the plan and what are the ideas that
sustain them? In what ways do those actions and practices bring about
consequences on the social organization of gender, this is, on the
responsibilities and roles socially assigned to men and women? In more abstract
terms, this article aims at illustrating the virtuous and adverse
transformations that occur in the implementation of a social policy, depending
on the municipal local management. As a consequence, the gender effects of the
conditioned cash transfer programs, as long as they imply decentralized
implementation, should be examined taking into account the local realities of
their management.
Keywords:
Gender discursive regime - Social policy - Gender public policies - Municipal
management.
Work experiences in informational capitalism: the case of Argentina’s
publishing
industry
Daniela SZPILBARG y Ezequiel SAFERSTEIN
This paper aims
to explore some changes that a new stage of capitalism has made to the world of
work. As an industry that relies on the production and exchange of information,
publishing seems an interesting angle from which to observe the changes that
have occurred in the world of work, in which activities are turning increasingly
towards an immaterial stage where the cognitive gains strength as the current
brand of both production processes of exchange and consumption. Thus, from the
analysis of three specific cases (Funesiana, Eterna Cadencia and Random House
Mondadori) we will investigate ways of working in the publishing industry in a
period marked by the deepening of financial and commercial internationalization
and its link with ICT as the key that opens the door to the present.
Keywords:
Publishing industry - Informational capitalism- ICT- Creative work.
Territorial organization and historical continuity: contributions to an
understanding of the national congresses of the Peronist Slum
Dwellers Movement
(1973-1974)
Valeria SNITCOFSKY
A number of new
perspectives formulated during the last two decades link the increase in the
precarity of working conditions with the rise of territorial organizations.
These approaches also propose that the emergence of the territory as a key for
demands regarding better living conditions can be seen as a new element that
characterize the change of century.
This article,
instead, emphasizes a number of continuities between the territorial
organizations in the present, and those developed historically in Argentina.
With this aim, it will analyze two national congresses organized by the Peronist
Slum Dwellers Movement, in 1973 and 1974. These congresses were attended by
delegates of numerous slums, just a few months before an intense illegal and
selective repression was implemented in the country. This repression was first
led by the so called Triple A, and right after the military coup of 24th
May 1976, it remained in charge of the Armed Forces.
Even if the
systematic and prolonged repression affected in a negative way the capacity of
response in the analyzed territories, it did not definitively eliminate the
existing tradition of organization and some of its main characteristics remained
until the democratic recovery in 1983, resisting even the hyperinflation crisis,
the convertibility crisis, and the 2001 crisis. This is why, in spite of the
differences created by each particular context, a historical continuity can be
identified, thus questioning the so called “irruption” of territory.
Keywords:
Territory – Slums – History – Organization - Continuity
Is everything allowed in literature? The Argentine literary game
Verónica TOBEÑA
This work
focuses on those disputes about the literary canon that arise in terms of market
literature vs. academic literature. With this task in mind, it describes and
analyzes some controversies -mostly involving writers- which are divided along
these lines. These debates and that evocations that this arouses in some of
those involved in the literary game allow us to reflect on the unwritten rules
of literary skill. The article aims to review the dynamics and logic of the
literary field as it emerges from the analysis of disputes and aims to reflect
on the type of game that places literature as a scene of confrontation and
competition.
Keywords:
Market - Academy - Canon - Literary field
El Liberal newspaper and the origins of Peronism in Santiago del Estero
José Vicente VEZZOSI
Recent research
has revealed that in a context where the working class was weak, traditional
local powers have been essential in the original configuration of Peronism. The extracentric interpretations
have proved to be useful to discern the importance of historical actors of
Santiago del Estero´s field of power in this constitutive process: conservative
leaders, radical antipersonalists, the Catholic Church, and many sectors of the
local oligarchy.
But, did all
corporate agents of Santiago del Estero´s field of power initially align with
Peronism? In this paper we analyze the position taken by the main communication
actor in the province: the newspaper El Liberal. We dig into old copies of that
time trying to find their editorial line and the anti-Peronist enunciation in
the Province. We can see that the actions and positions assumed by actors will
not respond to a single logic, instead each case had to do with their interests,
traditional ideological positions in the field, the careers of the agents, etc.
The analysis of the role of the newspaper as a political actor will look deeper
into the dynamics of the field of local power in the process of emergence of
Peronism, in a moment of material and symbolic restructuring.
Keywords:
Peronism – Press – Santiago del Estero –Discourse
Types of workers’ recruitment and labor relations in the
grape harvest at the
province of San Juan, Argentina.
Guillermo NEIMAN, Germán QUARANTA y Mariela BLANCO
This article
analyzes the case of the labor market for harvesting tasks in the production of
low quality grapes for wine making in the Sarmiento department at the province
of San Juan. The main concern is about the relationship established between the
types of labor contracts and the presence of labor conflicts in the site of
production at the level of the work organization, the size and characteristics
of the workday, and the level as well remuneration systems. It is assumed that
these circumstances will put pressure on everyday working relationships and will
determine different responses from employers, workers, and labor contractors as
well. The analysis shows that the conflict will intensify at certain times and
under certain conditions, causing workday interruptions, layoffs, resistances,
disciplining measures, among other tensions taking place at the working
relationship itself.
Keywords:
Agrarian wage worker - Transient worker - Labor relation - Labor
resistance -
Worker's contractor.
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Work and Care: the promotion of justice through conciliation policies with gender perspective
Eliana ASPIAZU
In Argentina, in
the 1970s began a period of growth in the participation of women in the labor
market that was sustained and deepened to the present. However, at the household
level, women continued to be primarily responsible for domestic work and care,
often assuming a double workday, a phenomenon that gave rise to several
questions about the justice of such an unequal division of labor.
This article shows
the relative position of women in the labor market and the progress in their
participation, in contrast to the limits of these changes and the persistent
inequalities. The aim is to think about the need to generate public policies and
institutional arrangements to enable reconciliation and promote a more equal
distribution paid and unpaid work time.
Keywords:
sexual
division of labor - reconciliation policies – care - employment.
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Prevention as workfare:
welfare since the intersection between
social policies and crime policies.
Emilio Jorge AYOS
The aim of this
article is to analyze the ways of articulations between two social fields:
social policies and crime policies. We describe such articulation looking at
strategies for social crime prevention in Argentina during the period 2000-2010.
Specifically we focus on the ways such strategies put in question their ties
with social intervention, particularly with the area of unemployment attendance.
The findings we present are part of a broader research. Such research use a
qualitative approach in order to accomplish its objective: to analyze the ways
in which the link between living conditions and crime was reconstructed on
social crime prevention. We understand these linking as “overlap spaces” between
social policies and crime policies. The historical and political context that
goes through these processes illustrates how the cleavage security-insecurity is
one of the foundations axis from which both camps are organized. This situation
permeate discussions, principles, rationalities, and methods of intervention. We
argue that this association has become problematic in terms of an exterior and
instrumentality of social policy regarding to preventive strategies focused on
the idea of labor compensation (workfare) or job training.
Keywords:
Crime prevention – Social policy – workfare – welfare – security.
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Informal in Argentina. An approach from multivariate data analysis
in the early years of economic recovery (2003-2006)
Liliana BERGESIO y Laura GOLOVANEVSKY
The concept of
informality, long debated in social sciences, has not found a single definition.
The many attempts to measure this phenomenon have collided with this basic
ambiguity. However, its undeniable presence in the streets, jobs and fairs,
among many other places and situations, plus the perception of its steady growth
in the cities, make this sector one of those which calls for an urgent advance
in its knowledge.
Therefore, in this
paper we try to approach informality in Argentina in a descriptive way using
multivariate data analysis, for the first years of economic recovery
(2003-2006). In particular, we use principal component analysis, based on data
for the different provinces, to apply a conceptual-methodological strategy to
map informality in Argentina based on the particular forms the phenomenon takes
in this country. The approach adopted sought to overcome the limitations
recovering the perspective of job precariousness, which extends the conceptual
frontier of the term, and accounts for all types of informal insertion.
Keywords:
Multivariate analysis - Argentina - Informality - Precarious work.
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On the construction of a dissident habitus. Jorge Gumier Maier (1953-1984)
Mariana CERVIÑO
This article
aims to observe the intellectual production fields that remained active during
the last dictatorship in Argentina. We propose to interprete the values involved
in the different artistic options and practices of Jorge Gumier Miaer, in order
to identify the symbolic, political and moral universes that define the type of
social actor he represents. His mode of construction as intellectual, place him
at a type who we can call “vocational” and “dissident”. The first trait refers
to the particular relationship he builds with the culture goods, where art is
inseparable from life. The second of its properties refers that other regularity
we can follow in his options: in differents ways, they are always opposed to the
dominant values and criteria of the global society.
From his family
background, and fragments of its interventions in alternative and oppossed
publications within the dictatorship, we track the genesis of the dispositions
of Gumier Maier (his habitus). His intellectual interventions let us
identifie an artistic and intellectual ethos, that goes more beyond its
case, representing a type of agents inside the peripheric area of the cultural
field through the period, that emerge into the field itself, from the return of
democracy. We will regard, on one hand the evolution of the field since 1978 to
1984, and secondly, the elements of continuity that link the social spaces
around cultural publications as El Expreso Imaginario (The imaginary
express), El Porteño (The Porteño) and Sodoma (Sodom).
Keywords:
cultural field of Buenos Aires – Dictatorship – habitus - dissident
intellectuals – homosexualities - vocation.
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Political subjectivation process of manufacturing workers in the Metropolitan
Region of Santiago of Chile in the context of fragmented work.
Héctor
RIVERA VERGARA, Daniel VALENZUELA GALARCE y
Sebastián VENEGAS ROJO
In last
decades, has brought into question the centrality of labour. This had
consequences not only in terms of economic productivity, but also on the lives
of people, in the objective and subjective. This research focuses on the
subjective level, specifically in the description of political subjectivation
processes of manufacturing workers in the Metropolitan Region in the context of
fragmented work. We consider the political subjectivation as a product of a
relationship between three spheres: Centrality of work, Social Integration and
Political Character. The spheres are constructed from deductive-inductive logic.
We examined the ways in which they relate, identifying which become relevant and
which elements are composed. It tries to observe how these subjectivities are
constructed and how policies are embodied in action mechanisms. The results show
that political subjectivation processes are mainly from the areas of the
Centrality of labor and Social Integration.
Keywords:
Centrality of work - Fragmented work - Political Subjetification - Lives of
working class.
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Social vulnerability and unemployability: Reflections from a qualitative study
on recycling social program
Cecilia CROSS
In this paper
we present the results of a qualitative inquiry started on 2001, oriented to
study local processes of social policies implementation in Buenos Aires. In
particular we have focused on those policies which offer labor positions to
people defined by its “social vulnerability” associated to their “lack of
employability”.
In this article
we present the results of the research conducted on recycling social plants
built on a sanitary filling. Departing from total social labor organization
approach, we analyze this program configuration and the meanings attributed to
their labor position by two female workers.
Keywords:
social policies - social vulnerability - experiences articulation - total social
labor organization - contemporary working lives - recycling social plants.
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Upward social mobility trajectories of families of working class origin in the
Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires
Pablo DALLE
This article
analyses the articulation between the conditions of possibilities, resources
mobilized and experiences involved in upward social mobility trajectories of
families of working class origin in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires during
the mid twentieth and early twenty first century. The families studied belong
to three different migratory flues: Europe, inside Argentine and a Latin
American country.
The theoretical
approach understands social mobility process depending on the articulation of:
I. opening/closing of educational/occupational opportunities at the level of
class structure, II. the options and limitations related to family class origin
and belonging groups, III. the agency of individuals to act under these
circumstances.
The study is
based on a biographical reconstruction of three families’ histories selected
from a typology of class trajectories previously identified in a quantitative
approach.
The analysis
shows some features of the intergenerational transmission of cultural legacies,
economic resources and social relations that occurs within working class
families and favors upward mobility. It also describes how the lives of
individuals are influenced by macro-historical processes, the central role of
individuals and their families in taking advantage of opportunities, as well as
the strength that allows them to overcome adverse circumstances. The pathways
described show that there is no abrupt change in family class trajectories, but
the accumulation of many short-distance movements through family histories that
involve the effort of different generations.
Keywords:
Upward Social Mobility - Family histories - Working Class - Upward mobility
social mechanisms
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Social Dialogue and Training: The Use of Bipartite Committee in Chile
Nicolás
DIDIER, Cristian PÉREZ, Alexandra MARTÍ
Since 1997,
public policies in Chile have included the Social Dialogue as a coordinating
mechanism between employers and workers in the field of training; however, such
policies have shown little success. In the article, there are three hypotheses
understanding about this phenomenon: fragmentation of labor relations, the
profile value of Chilean culture and the role of worker in the training system.
In concluding this discussion, explains how the conditions of Chile prevent the
development of social dialogue within the industrial relations system and
training.
Keywords:
Social Dialogue - Bipartite Committee - Human Capital - Work Values
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Professional representation: the case of executive secretaries in Brazil.
Rosimeri FERRAZ SABINO
Since the 30s
the councils have been established professionals in Brazil, aiming to control
and supervision of the labor market the professions. The latest entity to this
type was created in 90 years, demonstrating the government unwillingness to
adopt new professional offices. Despite this history, the Executive Secretariat
of professionals maintain the election to establish the Council for the area, in
the Federal Government. Thus, analyzing the data for training and market the
profession, seeking to prove the possibility of effective contribution to
representative body for growth and strengthening of the Secretariat in the labor
market, reflecting on the implications for public and private sectors as
employers of this occupation.
Keywords:
professional council - executive secretariat - regulated professions.
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The Oppression of Modern Capitalism: A Reflection on New Recruitment Methods
Brenda FOCAS
According to
the descriptions given by modern sociologists, the growing trend of
mercantilization, alienation, rationalization, mediatization, fragmentation,
bureaucratization and objectification, moves culture away from people’s
subjective spheres, leading to the objectification of people and social
relations. At present, job requirements are becoming more and more degrading,
giving the recruitment process an evil nuance. To the health and psychological
tests, we have to add the so called ‘socio-environmental’ test, used to ‘know
and assess the candidate at home’, getting acquainted with their social,
familiar, cultural and economic environments.
This article
aims at examining – based on different interviews with managers at Human
Resources consultancies – the recruitment criteria used by medium and large
companies. This study also includes a theoretical reflection on the current
situation of employees.
Keywords:
modern capitalism – recruitment – employees – objectification
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Employment Policies. Conditional cash transfer Programmes: the Unemployed Heads
of Household Plan in the town of Malvinas Argentinas
María Laura FREYRE
The purpose of
this paper is to analyze the Unemployed Heads of Household Plan (hereinafter
PJJHD) under implementation in the town of Malvinas Argentinas in the province
of Cordoba, starting from a description of the beneficiary households of said
Plan and contrasting them with data stemming from the application of the Plan at
a national level. To this end, we seek to establish relations among the
characteristics of the work required to be performed in order to be entitled to
the Plan, access requisites, its targeting, and the most significant
characteristics of households benefiting from such social policy.
Keywords:
Employment public policies- Social policies - Labor market- Poverty.
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Divisions and conflicts within the Argentinean
business elite during the model
of financial economy
Eduardo GÁLVEZ
This article
analyses the struggle taking place within the Argentinean economic elite to try
to impose a direction to the government economic policies, in the context of the
severe financial crisis which explodes in 2001 and finally leads to a change of
economic model. We present here the two alignments into which the elite is
divided, and which we have characterized as radical and moderate respectively,
taking into account: 1) the individual representatives leading them 2) the
business representation organisations composing them 3) their ideological
relations and 4) their economic-structural insertion.
Keywords:
Hegemony - financial crisis - economic elite - ideology
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“Back to the sources”.
A study on the scopes of the renewal in the “Sindicato de
Luz y Fuerza,
Capital Federal”
Julieta HAIDAR
Labor relations
scholars agree that in the 90s in Argentina, against market reforms, unions
suffered a crisis, which was manifested in the fall of three indicators:
membership; collective bargainin; conflict. For them, as of 2002/3, in a new
context, unions overcame the crisis of the hand of a renewal process,
which is expressed in the strengthening of the three indicators that were
previously negative. In this research we propose to reflect on the scope of the
concept of union renewal in Argentina. To do this, we will study in depth
the case of the “Sindicato de Luz y Fuerza, Capital Federal”, through the
comparison of the three indicators in two historical periods (1992-2001 and
2002-2010).
Keywords:
Unions –
crisis – renewal – Sindicato de Luz y Fuerza, Capital Federal – historical
comparison
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Production flexibility and
diffusion of independent work in the Argentinean press. A study on the
employment conditions of freelance journalists
Laura HENRY
Being part of
the flexibility strategies that companies have applied in different economic
sectors, outsourcing has become one of the most widespread production trends in
recent decades since this type of reorganization allows them to adapt to
fluctuations in demand and to reduce fixed operating costs.
This article deals
with one of the least studied forms of this phenomenon such as the outsourcing
of tasks to independent workers. We do so by taking freelance journalist of the
Argentinean press as a case study in order to establish the type of employment
that is generated in these production arrangements.
As part of this
analysis, we also evaluate the capacity of established occupational
classifications and concepts to grasp the particularities of this form of work
that pivots between the market sphere and the sphere of the employment
relationship. In regard to the methodology used, the results presented derive
from a qualitative study which combined the usage of two techniques: a review of
documentary sources and interviews with workers in the press industry.
Keywords:
independent work - production flexibility - freelance journalists -
outsourcing.
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Subjective dimension of work: some ideas from research with professionals
Deidi MACA
This paper
presents some ideas about the subjective dimension of work from ethnographic
research with two professional groups, one composed of those who are inserted in
the labor market before 1990 and another for those who do it later. It is found
that there are no radical differences between the two groups in relation to the
meaning of work (hobby; activity of the mind; collection of values; challenge;
blessing; difficulty, effort, and slavery), which could be related with the fact
that the value systems, of which the meanings are a part of remain, prevalent
for a long time and seem not to be strongly affected by the restructurings of
the labor field.
Keywords:
subjective dimension of work - professionals.
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Lukács
on the work category: implications and ontological foundations of the social
beign.
Manuel W. MALLARDI
This work
presents the main analytical categories developed by Lukács in relation to work
as the foundation of the social being. Heir to Marx´s thought, Lukács recovers
the consciousness as the center of the working process and proposes that, from
the ideal construction, man determines the necessary actions that give
peculiarity to the mentioned process. This way, based on the implementation of
teleologically determined actions, the social being sets in motion a causal
series that produces the passage from the animal to the human. Subsequently, the
characteristics that the previous ideation and the process of
objectification-externalization acquire in the relation of the social being with
nature and social reproduction and the implications of work as the foundation of
the rest of social beings practices are analysed in close relation.
Keywords:
Lukács – Work – Ontology – Teleology.
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Political representation at the local level. Insights on the leaders
Mauricio Macri and Luis Juez and the dynamics within their partisan groups
Gabriela
MATTINA y María Victoria LÓPEZ
In recent
decades, contemporary democracies in general and the Argentine democracy in
particular, have undergone profound transformations such as the weakening of
traditional political identities, electoral fluctuations and the influence of
the media in the political dynamics, to name a few. All these changes have had
great impact on the linkage between representatives and those represented, which
is increasingly characterized by popularity leaders who are supported by the
public opinion and establish a direct relationship with citizens.
From this
perspective, we intend to comparatively inquire about the role of the leaders
Luis Juez and Mauricio Macri in building the Partido Nuevo of the province of
Cordoba and the party Propuesta Republicana (PRO) in Buenos Aires City,
respectively. Both are new political parties that arised in the heat of the
previously described transformations and whose emergence has reshaped their
local scenes since 2001: while the Partido Nuevo became the third player in a
system which was traditionally bipartisan, the PRO has held office since 2007.
What strategies did Juez and Macri apply to draw electoral support? How did they
antagonize with traditional parties? What networks did they create or resort to
with the purpose of founding their own political parties?
Keywords:
Leaders – political parties – representation – Buenos Aires City – Córdoba
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Social, cultural and technological aspects as determinant of design in the
contemporary jewel product. The creation of value through the autochthonal, the
natural and the authentic
Andrea
MEDINA, Bernabé HERNANDIS, Begoña AGUDO,
José Rafael GONZÁLEZ,
John CARDOZO
The jewel is
closely linked to the Arts and Crafts, and currently is an object in a constant
re-signifying process. Its new readings recognize own values (cultural, social
and identity) by exploring the material and technique, nevertheless, its
relationship with Arts and Crafts has been little analyzed from a design
perspective. Due to this, the following article focuses on the identification of
aspects affecting the development of contemporary jewellery and its assessment
by the consumer. The methodology implied an analysis of the theoretical
framework and its relationship with specific criteria of the systemic design (Hernandis
& Iribarren, 2000). A questionnaire was applied to jewellery consumers (based on
document review), in order to measure the importance of a list of proposed
attributes. The document concludes with a consideration of theoretical and
practical implications on the correspondence between specific and cultural
factors of the jewel, as influencers of the innovation in the contemporary
context of the product.
Keywords:
cultural values - contemporary jewel - systemic design - consumer research.
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Family farm and public policies in Argentina in recent years. Some reflections
on a complex relationship
María Elena NOGUEIRA
This paper aims to
contribute to the ongoing discussion on family farm. This type of production has
been the subject of analysis and has a great importance in rural
development-oriented policies in Argentina. In recent times there has been a
change in its treatment, at least in propositional terms that suggests the
inclusion of territorial aspects, cultural and political factors that are
largely new and enabled to consider more thoroughly this portion of the agrarian
social structure. The paper aims to discuss the use of this category, with
special emphasis on public policies that focus on these kind of subjects today.
To do this, we analyzed official documents connected with the topic and a series
of papers relevant to the reality of Argentina and part of Latin America.
Keywords:
family farm - rural development public policies - Argentina.
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Moral
accusations and labor precariousness among youth workers at a steel factory in
Argentina
Laura PERELMAN y Patricia VARGAS
In this article we present our contribution to the debate on how
big companies deploy highly complex devices in order to guarantee the
reproduction of the capital through the management of forms of flexible
employment. In particular, we analyze how management, linked to the employment
policies of a steel company, justifies the widespread use of outsourcing and
temporary contracts through moral imputations against young people.
Based on an extensive fieldwork carried out in two years
(2010-2012) with youths and adults that maintain different ties with the
factory, we show how the management’s statements invoke to a social imaginary
widely shared by adult workers in justifying the labor flexibilization of the
youths. Young people are forced to wander about for several years in unstable
jobs before they are considered as candidates for entering the protected core of
the factory. Thus outsourcing is constituted as a key mechanism in the
consolidation of job insecurity.
Keywords:
youth -
precariousness - outsourcing - steel industry
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"Out of the pan falling in the embers". Employment, residential segregation and
marriage patterns of Chileans in Neuquén province during the 1980s.
Joaquín PERREN
This work studies
the Chilean migrants in Neuquén city during the 1980s. To that end, we first
analyzed the context of this migration process, exploring the growth strategy of
the provincial State and the changes generated in the population and in the
society. Secondly, we analysed, based on information provided by a permanent
survey of households, the inclusion of the Chilean in the occupational structure
of the provincial capital. Thirdly, we examined the residential patterns shown
by the people of Chilean origin in the city, taking into consideration different
classic indicators of segregation and using thematic cartography made with
geographic information systems. Finally, thanks to the use of nominative sources
of the civil registry archive, we analyzed marriage patterns of those who
arrived from the other side of the mountain range.
Keywords:
migratory studies - labour market - residential segregation - marriage
patterns-regional history
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About subnational peronism, juarism and other local variations: alliances and
infinghting in Santiago del Estero between 1946
and 2010
Ernesto PICCO
This paper focuses
in the variations of peronism in a subnational scope, providing a look over
Santiago del Estero in particular. It makes a historical review of the politic
activities hold in Santiago del Estero in Peron´s name by different groups such
as the regime of Carlos Juárez, dissident radicals, catholic nationalists, union
leaders, Frondizi´s followers, guerrilla, neoperonists, nationalists military
forces, young leftists, the christian democracy leaders, former officers of the
last military dictatorship, neoliberal reformers, and most recently, local
kirchnerism.
The research for
this paper was made gathering the work of historians and sociologists from
Santiago del Estero and to fill the blanks of non-studied periods we have
interviewed key informers. This case shows how the heterogenous political base
of local peronism is unified after Peron´s death and the consolidation of Carlos
Juarez´s strong leadership. After the leader´s death, local peronism separated
again in different expressions of kirchnersim.
Keywords:
subnational peronism – historiography – juarism – kirchnerism – power
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France
Telecom and the internationalization of management: the privatization of
telecommunications in France and Argentina (1990-2011)
Damián PIERBATTISTI
This article
conducts a comparative study of the privatization of national telecommunications
company in Argentina (which occurred on 8 November 1990 and which involved
France Telecom) and the privatization process that crosses France Telecom today.
Our hypothesis leads us to argue that we are facing the imposition of a new
management model heavily traversed by the strategic objective of increasing
productivity at work from two vectors: individualization of a strong workforce
and a drastic reduction personnel.
Keywords:
Privatizations – Telecommunications – Management – Neoliberalism - Latin
American.
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How much of new and how much of populism are there in the new populism? Kirchnerism and Peronism in Argentina post 2001
Adrián PIVA
During the last decade, a number of Latin American governments,
formed from processes of social mobilization against neoliberal state-90s have
made to resurge the interest about populism. These governments have
reconstructed the political power of state and conditions for capital
accumulation on the basis of the incorporation of demands and political
inclusion of protagonist social movements of social mobilization processes. At
the theoretical level the Populist Reason by Ernesto Laclau returned the
interest about the old question: What is populism?
In this paper we approach the problem of the relationship between
neo-populism, a term we use to denominate the governments and movements national
popular, and populism in the Argentine case, through the analysis of the
relationship between Kirtchnerism and the first Peronism. To the extent that
this is a first approximation, we will depart of a balance of the classical
tradition of the studies about the first Peronism to try to establish to what
extent the problems, categories and historical analysis that characterize it,
allow to us conceptualize and understand the process of recomposition of
political power during the Kirchner era.
Keywords:
Populism, neo populism, peronism, kirchnerism, hegemony, State.
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Outsourcing
workers contracted by the State. Self-employed workers in argentina public
administration (2002-2007)
Lorena POBLETE
In 1995, the National Public Administration establishes a new
regime of temporary employment. For the first time the self-employed workers can
be hired individually as service providers. They are hired by the state as
independent workers. This type of outsourcing involves a particular way of
"sharing of risks and responsibilities" (Morin, 2000) resulting in a total
transfer of risk to self-employed worker. They have to take the risk of
employment and social risk. The first, according to Morin, could be summarized
in the risk of losing job security. The second involves the risk of losing the
capacity of work.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the implications of the
outsourcing relationship established by the State with the self-employed worker,
as well as the subjective dimension of the over exposure to the employment risk
experienced by self-employed worker. Through the analysis of 18 labour
trajectories, constructed from multiple meetings over five years (2002-2006), we
propose to study the way in which individuals face and assume the strong labour
instability imposed by this labour status.
Keywords:
outsourcing - independent work - public administration - job insecurity
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Hegemony and Ignorance of Social Classes: The Independent
Music Production in
the City of Buenos Aires
Guillermo Martín QUIÑA
The so called
independent music constitutes a phenomenon in which understanding, according to
its actors, thinking on social classes would be useless given the absence of big
corporations. Recent approaches on cultural and music production phenomena made
from the social sciences paid little attention to concrete production conditions
through which they exist, even less to the presence of social classes in it.
Recognizing the importance that cultural productions assume in current
capitalist accumulation processes and through the independent music production
in the city of Buenos Aires, we look for both the presence of social classes and
the symbolic and material conditions for its reproduction. In order to do that
we have chosen a mainly qualitative approach based on ethnographic interviews
with different actors and field observation at both public and private live
musical events. Empirical evidence let us recognize both the presence of sellers
and buyers of labour power as material condition and a strongly tendency to
ignore the importance of such distinction by its diverse actors as symbolic
condition of independent music production. We conclude in the pertinence of the
concept of hegemony to the comprehension of this apparent contradiction and in
the necessity of rethinking in cultural production through the class relations
they involve. This is because far from being external to the capitalist dynamic
of cultural industries, independent music is completely integrated to it.
Keywords:
Independent music – Hegemony – Social classes – Buenos Aires.
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Political subjectivation process of manufacturing workers in the
Metropolitan Region of
Santiago of Chile in the context of fragmented work
Héctor
RIVERA, Daniel VALENZUELA y Sebastián VENEGAS
In last
decades, has brought into question the centrality of labour. This had
consequences not only in terms of economic productivity, but also on the lives
of people, in the objective and subjective. This research focuses on the
subjective level, specifically in the description of political subjectivation
processes of manufacturing workers in the Metropolitan Region in the context of
fragmented work. We consider the political subjectivation as a product of a
relationship between three spheres: Centrality of work, Social Integration and
Political Character. The spheres are constructed from deductive-inductive logic.
We examined the ways in which they relate, identifying which become relevant and
which elements are composed. It tries to observe how these subjectivities are
constructed and how policies are embodied in action mechanisms. The results show
that political subjectivation processes are mainly from the areas of the
Centrality of labor and Social Integration.
Keywords:
Centrality of work - Fragmented work - Political Subjetification - Lives of
working class
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How
many, who are the inhabitants of the
street? Approaches to the numbers
Paula
Cecilia ROSA
This article
focuses on the theme of the inhabitants of the street, that is, individuals and
families who live and reside in the streets, plazas and sidewalks of the City of
Buenos Aires today. It is intended to delve into issues rarely compiled and / or
worked as the quantification of the phenomenon. This problem is addressed,
generally by the difficulty of its implementation and the lack of reliable
sources, since qualitative methodologies that provide a large contribution from
their perspective of analysis. However, any phenomenon of this magnitude
must-need-be quantified in order to take action. In this sense is that this
article made an approach to the main approaches made to quantify and
characterize this population in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. This
attempt will be accompanied by methodological reflections on the methods (counts
and surveys) implemented and the data obtained.
Keywords:
inhabitants of the street – measurements - methodological reflections
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Producción y personificación en el ciclo del ganado. Economía y política en
comunidades mapuches del Noroeste de Chubut
Hernán Horacio SCHIAFFINI
We analyze the
intervention of social and political processes on economic production through
the path of a particular object: lamb meat. We take from Appadurai (1991) the
idea of a “biography of the thing”. Our empiric data comes from domestic
production on mapuche families from northwestern Chubut, documented through an
ethnographic approach. We propose that the call “meat chain” should be
comprehended, moreover, as a network, where different social actors are
involved. Due to this intervention, power local structures are created and
consolidated, with significant consequences over local population.
Key Words:
Mapuche - Lamb Meat Production - Biography of the Thing - Local Power Structures
- Personification.
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Illusio, symbolic violence and denial. Reflections on the principles of
journalism production inside the country
Pablo SCHLEIFER
Journalism is a
key player in the democratic, political, economic and cultural situation. Thus,
we consider important work to explain the principles, beliefs, explicit and
implicit rules that structure and define the game in every field of journalism.
This paper proposes, then, inquire into the production principles of the
profession of journalist in a field inside the country, analyze the social
conditions of production practices and processes of incorporation of the
conditions to enter and stay in this field. To do this we return to the
empirical case worked in our Master's thesis but with a broader conceptual
approach. In this regard, we intend to work in the joint between Bourdieu's
sociological concepts and certain psychoanalytic concepts (denial, sublimation,
unconscious), we postulate that this analysis because, while we in furtherance
of the principles of production practices, enriches the analysis bourdeano
explaining one of his sources less explored.
Keywords:
journalism – illusion - symbolic violence – sublimation - denial
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Discussion about archaeology and the constitution of identities in Santiago del Estero
Constanza
TABOADA
This paper
shows various aspects which relate archaeology and identity. Our aim is to point
at the possibilities and limits of archaeology in the constitution of identities
and its uses as well as to show our point of view. As an introduction we propose
a historical review of the main theoretical and methodic questions that this
discipline has originated so as to relate them with the discussion about the
impact of Santiago del Estero archaeological research on the constitution of
identities. Firstly, we analyze the Wagner brother's works and theories and then
compare them with our own interpretation about some relationships and the
cultural identity contribution that archaeology research can provide.
Key words:
archaeology – identity - Santiago del Estero - Wagner brothers – patrimony -
archaeological cultures.
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Types of workers’ recruitment and labor relations in the grape harvest at the
province of San Juan, Argentina.
Guillermo NEIMAN, Germán QUARANTA y Mariela BLANCO
This article
analyzes the case of the labor market for harvesting tasks in the production of
low quality grapes for wine making in the Sarmiento department at the province
of San Juan. The main concern is about the relationship established between the
types of labor contracts and the presence of labor conflicts in the site of
production at the level of the work organization, the size and characteristics
of the workday, and the level as well remuneration systems. It is assumed that
these circumstances will put pressure on everyday working relationships and will
determine different responses from employers, workers, and labor contractors as
well. The analysis shows that the conflict will intensify at certain times and
under certain conditions, causing workday interruptions, layoffs, resistances,
disciplining measures, among other tensions taking place at the working
relationship itself.
Keywords:
Agrarian wage worker - Transient worker - Labor relation - Labor
resistance -
Worker's contractor.
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Birds of Passage. Temporary Migrant Workers of Santiago del Estero
Alberto TASSO y Carlos V. ZURITA
Every year
about 40,000
workers in
Santiago
del Estero
move
to other provinces in
Argentina
for
temporary
agricultural work.
This article
explores
some of the characteristics of
this
labor migration, wich a of
long duration phenomenon.
To this end, its presents the historical, demographic, agricultural and
environmental frames. It examines the
working conditions
of
'swallow
workers' and their
cultural profile.
Then, some questions are
raised about the
quality of this
seasonal occupation
and to what extent
it
meets
or does not meet,
the conditions of what be
a 'decent work'.
Finally,
from
the data presented,
a policy
and some lines of action are
suggested for
the purpose of
whit the aim of improving the
employment, social and productive
situatons of these rural
temporary
migrant workers.
Keywords:
agricultural workers,
temporary
migration,
social
vulnerability, decent work,
Santiago del
Estero,
Argentina
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The Academic Profession in the Knowledge Society
Paulina Perla ARONSON
This
article analyzes the concept of academic profession with the passage from
industrial society to knowledge society as context. It places emphasis in the
differences between the working skills required by industrialism and the
competencies demanded by the economy of knowledge. It introduces the notion of
employability competency with the purpose of showing the role it performs in the
shortening of distance between education and work, the skills necessary to
practice a profession and the implementation of university programs organized
around the construction of social indicators that measure students’ achievement
according to the profession in which they are developing. Also, it explores what
I have come to call the “new mode of knowledge production”, as to identify how
it intercedes in the socialization of new generations in teaching and academic
fields. In that direction, changes in the professor’s role and the classroom as
gravity center of teaching are described. Finally, we present some conclusions
drawn from the verdicts claiming that the university and the academic profession
have converted in mere functions to the economy, both permeated by a strictly
entrepreneurial ethos.
Key words:
knowledge economy, employability competency, learning, new mode of knowledge
production, teaching, academic profession.
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Discursive confrontation in the process of union
autonomy
of the Buenos Aires subway workers (2009-2010)
Matías ARTESE y Jorge CRESTO
After
several years of maintaining a tense relationship with the leadership of the
union that represented the Unión Tranviarios Automotor (UTA), workers in the
Buenos Aires Underground in February 2009 decided to secede from it and form
Asociación Gremial de Trabajadores del Subterráneo y el Premetro (AGTSyP). From
there, workers in this sector began a process of struggle -that confronted
primarily with UTA, the national state and the concessionaire-Subway service in
the direction of obtaining recognition of their new union.
In this article
we propose to explore this process of struggle through the discursive level. The
conflict was tracked over a periodization that spans the years 2009 and
2010. Taking as support the daily La Nación, we build a base of
contentious statements which allowed us to analyze the personifications envolved,
their recipients and the sense of their actions.
Keywords:
trade-union – discourse – conflict – confrontation
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The union revitalization in the period of
convertibility in Argentina
Mariana BARATTINI
This article
focuses on de period of the posconvertibilidad in Argentina, looking at both the
change in the economic and the trade union in terms of revitalization. We will
focus on de particularity of the resurgence of union player raising the need to
extend the arguments of the revival, incorporating the look on a larger portion
of workers (precarious) who decide to take a trade union organizing process. In
the last decade there has been a renewed interest in de union issue, before the
change of position of the unions after the 2001 crisis in a Argentina and we
believe that this process must be read in a broader context, because the same
underlying reality national, as part of regional and international realities. In
addition, you must read this repositioning in the context of political
opportunities (and economic) that allow the resurgence. While we do not show
determinism, or linear reasoning about what elements enhance collective action,
we believe that in specific situations designed as favorable scenarios,
extending the range of opportunities for action. Thus, the improvement of socio
economic indicators in the context of the setting a new pattern of accumulation
called “neo-developmentalist”, among other factors union actor positioned in a
location other than the period of structural reforms of the nineties.
Keywords:
posconvertibilidad – union revitalization - precarity
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"In defense of public health". Notes on the collective
actions of the workers from the Castro Hospital Rendon against neoliberal
reforms.
Anabel BELIERA
The neoliberal
regime of accumulation and reproduction of the fundamental classes had serious
consequences for the public health system of our country that underwent a
process of descentralización, privatization and targeting of the attention
areas. In response, strong processes to combat this shift in social policy were
developed.
In this paper
we analyze the collective actions taken by the workers in the Castro Hospital
Rendon (HCR) of Neuquén in 2005. From participant observation and in depth
semi-structured interviews, we analyzed the process of intensification of
conflict in the State during the last term of Jorge Omar Sobisch in the
province, recovering the meanings that actors now give to their militant
practices and their forms of organization.
Keywords:
Public health - collective action - union organization - Neuquén Capital.
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“Alternative therapies” as a social space of opportunities: Paths between
working and caring
Mariana BORDES
The aim of this
paper is to tackle the social space of alternative therapies, analyzing in
particular the dynamic field of reflexology. Returning to the analytical
perspective of the trajectories, we emphasize that the senses that make searches
to study and implement this body of knowledge are therapeutic marked by multiple
variables, among which we highlight two main areas. On the one hand, referring
to the work area, including a continuum of professional profiles that revolve
around signifiers such as "vocation" or to the consideration that reflexology
offers a range of viable resources to address situations of labour redefinition.
Furthermore, path analysis makes visible that the study of this alternative is
articulated with a dimension of care. Here, the meanings ranging from searches
for knowledge, the construction of the therapy as an area for socializing and
strengthening of ties and their implementation and practice of family care. In
this context, we postulate that this therapy becomes an opportunity space whose
resources enable differential appropriations and projections. The research is
related to a doctoral thesis focuses on the processes of construction of
therapeutic ways, with special attention to the field of reflexology, carried
forward from a qualitative approach.
Keywords:
Alternative therapies - paths of specialization – profession - self-care -
social space of opportunities.
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Different views on the provisional inclusion
plan. A case study
Florencia BRAVO ALMONACID
The provisional
inclusion plan is a universal policy implemented in 2005, aimed at older adults
of the country. This paper aims to analyze that policy of social security,
showing different views on it, using qualitative and quantitative data
collection techniques, such as socio-demographic surveys, interviews with local
program implementers, neighborhood managers and social-policy target.
The achieve of
this paper is to contribute for the discussion of public policies towards older
adults in Argentina from the study of provisional inclusion plan and its
implications on living conditions of poor older people in our country.
Keywords:
provisional inclusion plan – old age – poverty.
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Building trade: work experiences of members of a Social
Plant
of
Separation in CEAMSE
Sebastián CARENZO,
Ramiro ACEVEDO y Julián BARBARO
The recovery and classification of waste has been considered a finished
expression of “informal” and “precarious” work. To depend on “garbage” is seen
as the last resource of those situated on the margins of “society”. This
experiences are often characterized as the inverted image of “formal work”.
In this paper we will present some preliminary results of an analysis done on
interviews to members of a community organization in the Gran Buenos Aires. This
people that used to supply themselves by entering the landfill, are now in
charge of managing one of the “classification and separation plants” authorized
inside the landfill.
We support the need to recover the meanings this people combine to define their
work practices, suspending preconstructed notions such as “informal”,
“precarious” or indecent” work. As the testimonies analyzed show, the members of
this group build these meanings in analogy with those which shape the world of
formal work. Particularly, our analysis emphasized the way in which these
practices of recovery and classification of waste acquire the shape of a new
“trade”.
Our data shows the need to rethink the labels which circulate in the word of
work and have an incidence on the configuration of policies and programs;
realizing that under recent statements about the eradication of these practices,
are hidden various attempts to deactivate initiatives which dispute the monopoly
of the waste management system, which now hold the private companies of refuse
collection and CEAMSE.
Key words:
“informal work”, recovery and classification of waste, CEAMSE, new trade.
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Family farmers’ strategies in adverse socio-productive contexts: Family
fruit production in the northeast of the province of Buenos Aires
Clara CRAVIOTTI y Paula PALACIOS
This article
analyzes the strategies deployed by family farmers in a non prototypical area of
the Pampas region where fruit production has developed. This labour-intensive
activity mainly oriented to the domestic market, which implies local linkages
and a seasonal labour market, has been experiencing a process of withdrawal in
deep contrast with the expansion of soybeans and its associated socio-technical
model. The latter is based on a standardized technology package, as well as on
flexible forms of articulating production factors, which include a low labour
component.
The article adopts the perspective that practices include pre-reflexive and
routine activities, as well as strategic actions that can
be conceptualized as the ways through which people try to solve their problems
and organize their resources within the limits they face, and where the range of
available options and their very perception is conditioned by larger structures
and the position occupied in the social space.
The
practices deployed by fruit growers at the productive level and their allocation
of family labour are analyzed, aiming at their understanding from their own
frames of meaning, and reflecting on their persistence as producers within the
broader processes taking place in the territory.
Key
words:
Family farming;
persistence strategies; fruit production; Pampas region
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Sexual division and suffering at work: the case of
recovered factories
María de los Ángeles DICAPUA
y
Melina PERBELLINI
In this article
we try, from a case study (an artisan glasware located near Rosario, Santa Fe,
Argentina), consider the women rol in the factory recovery process by their
workers, the break occurred in the sexual division of labor and the redefinition
of the relantionship between women workers and men workers in the construction
of a self managed model. In turn, we want to analyse how this changes,
characterized by large contradictions, generate tensions that result in the
“sufffering at work”.
Keywords:
Recovered factories - sexual division of labor - suffering at work.
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“Ser-Campesino”
(Peasant Being) As The Development Of A New Kind Of Rural
Worker. Analysis Of The Participants In The ‘Red de Turismo Campesino’ (Peasant
Tourism Network) In The Salta Province – Argentina.
Catalina FAIRSTEIN
The article
approaches the construction of the identity of rural families regarding the
production/development of tourist services and its relationship with their
income strategy. The objective is to dig deeper and analyze the category “ser
campesino” - “being a peasant” – as the construction of a specific type of rural
worker. To be a peasant implies a kind of naming subtracted from the official
naming that this same population has received in different historical moments.
The fact of not calling themselves rural family, agricultural workers, small
producers (among others) allows to suspect the identity construction is
associated to a specific type of work they are trying to do.
It could be
thought that “ser campesino” is the possibility of improving the material
conditions of existence, modifying the economic strategies of the families
involved and positioning themselves in the market of local tourist services,
with a differentiated proposal. This means that, precisely, “identity” is what
makes the difference when competing with “others”. In that sense they offer
“what they are” and what they are is given by this identity that they define as
unique and static with statements like “it has always been done this way” but,
at the same time, they assume it is dynamic from the moment they accept
modifications produced by the exchange with the tourists they host.
The hypothesis
of this work is that the “peasantry” identity is linked to a particular way of
constituting themselves as rural workers that, as a complementary activity,
develop tourist services sharing what they are. “Campesino” is a category
in tension between the denial and the assumption of the subject as a rural
worker.
Keywords:
Identity – Memory – Territory – Peasantry
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The inside story: The biography of a qualitative
doctoral dissertation
J.
Fernando GALINDO
There is still
little written about the use of research diaries by international students in
relationship to doctoral dissertation writing in the social sciences. This essay
describes the writing of a specific type of research diary: a dissertation
biography, to account for the process of writing a doctoral dissertation and
becoming a researcher. Based on the personal dissertation biography of the
author, this essay discusses the specificity of this type of writing in
relationship to other types of reflective diaries, the meanings and functions of
dissertation biographies, the reasons for writing a dissertation biography and
the added value of writing dissertation biographies for the reflective practice
agenda. Furthermore it suggests some hints on how to write a dissertation
biography. The general argument stated in this essay is that the writing of a
doctoral dissertation in the social sciences has a dialectical nature: a tension
between product and process that can be partly channeled through the writing of
a dissertation biography.
Keywords:
research process - research diary - reflexive practice - social sciences.
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The “adventure of the hero”: migration project of the
university student from Rio Negro
Gustavo GAMALLO
y Pedro NUÑEZ
The article
analyses the perceptions and representations of young undergraduates from Rio
Negro who are currently studying in the cities of Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires and
La Plata. These perceptions are related to the opportunities and perspectives
that the migration projects they have chosen present to their future
professional and personal development. According to the information gathered,
between 2005 and 2010, 1,200 students from Rio Negro have entered universities
in the mentioned cities, specially the University of Buenos Aires, the National
University of La Plata and the National University of the South. The qualitative
research approach was based on in-depth interviews to 80 undergraduates from Rio
Negro from different careers and years of study in the mentioned cities.
A brief state
of the art regarding the youth studies is presented first, making emphasis in
the vacancy area that the research on university migrations has in Argentina.
Then we present the families and the students’ expectations regarding the
migration project and describe the educational experience in each mentioned
destiny. After that, we build four ideal types of trajectories of the migrant
students from Rio Negro. Finally, we analyze the futures imagined by the young
migrants, as well as the different restrictions (of social, cultural and
economical capital) that they face and the social practices displayed during the
migration process.
Keywords:
youth - migration - college students - province of Rio Negro
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Exploring non capitalist work experiences: the
case of an association of recyclers in Bogotá
Claudia María GARCÍA
This paper is
based on a study made on an economic project undertaken by two recyclers
associations, whose goal is to improve labor conditions and to ensure their
participation in Bogotá Solid Waste Management System. The long struggle to
improve their work conditions, seems to gather momentum when they face the
challenge of getting an autonomous economic project off the ground, which dares
their ability of assuming new practices and especially, their faculty of
subjective transformation. This type of economic experiences favours a politic
conception of enterprise, which on one hand demands from actors, decision making
processes on economic practices over which interdependence acknowledgment is at
stake (Graham-Gibson, 2011), and on the other hand, it fosters a potential of
thinking -it self- differently. The politics as a process of autonomy
construction through ruptures and openings towards new ways of being.
Keywords:
community economy – association – recyclers - politic subjectivities.
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Shared Values and Conflict
Juan Pablo GONNET
This work
analyzes an apparent paradox: share values generate conflict. From an
ethnographic study developed in an International Non-Governmental Organization
in the city of Córdoba we show how the organizational values widely assumed by
its members become factors that encourage the development of disagreements and
conflicts. In this way, we support the hypothesis that share values not
necessarily (only) produce consensus and cooperation, but also allow
disagreement because they facilitate the observation and evaluation of
organizational operations. This hypothesis becomes pertinent, in the first
place, from some assumptions of the social and organizational theory which
consider share values as opposite to conflict; in the second place, from the
social conflict theories that tend to propose that conflict appears as the
result of a clash of values, interests and opposite presumptions; and finally,
from the actual developments of the management theory in which the goodness of
share values are stressed.
Key Words:
Conflict – Integration – Organization - Values.
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Chilean labor movememt, stresses and
obstacles for strengthening
Julio César GONZÁLEZ CANDIA
The aim of this
article is to reflect about the factors and elements that stress and cause
obstacles in the development of the labor movement around latin america in
general, and particularly in Chile. The former, with the purpose of generating a
renewed discussion that lets us raise theoretical and practical strategies so
that labor movement can contribute effectively to the building of a new project
in conjunction with other actors and agents of the civil society. Besides, it is
interesting to present reasons that explain why democratic governments have not
generated a strengthening in the chilean labor movement through the last
decades.
Keywords:
labor movement – Chile – stresses – obstacles - democratic governments
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Would be Bourdieu utilitarian?
Ana Cristina RODRIGUES GUIMARÃES
This article
intends to revisit the critic made by Caillé on the 1980’s, to Bourdieu’s Theory
of Practice, which is still reaffirmed nowadays. From questioning if Bourdieu’s
theory is utilitarian or not, it is intended to set a dialogue between Alain
Caillé and Pierre Bourdieu, having as basis some of their writings. Caillé
considers Bourdieu a thinker who doesn’t break off with the utilitarian theory.
On the other side, he comes up with a perspective that intends to be
anti-utilitarian, having as basis the thought of Marcel Mauss and the category
of “gift”. The rereading of Bourdieu’s writings in which he is seeking
counter-arguments to Caillé’s statement, permits to point out some Theory of
Practice’s aspects that are still under-explored and, in this way, to contribute
to the comprehension of the subject. Beyond that, it enables the reflection
about the complexity of the encounter of two fields of knowledge: on one side it
is Bourdieu, as an exponent of Sociology, and, on the other side it is Caillé,
as an exponent of Economy. At last, it makes also possible to think indirectly
the closeness and distance between two Social Sciences’ references: Bourdieu and
Mauss.
Key-Words:
Pierre Bourdieu - Alain Caillé - Theory of Practice - Utilitarianism.
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Workers' struggles around the labor process: the case
of Argentine auto workers
(1959-1976)
Ianina HARARI
This article
analyzes the conflict over the labor process in the automobile industry between
1959 and 1976. Struggles were surveyed in both terminals settled in Córdoba and
Buenos Aires. On the one hand, we intend to contribute to the understanding of
the relationship between the form of work organization and workers' struggles.
We believe that the manufacturing labor favors the appearance of conflicts over
the work process. On the other hand, we check for differences between Cordoba
and Buenos Aires workers about these struggles.
Keywords:
Labor process – Labor disputes – Working class – Automobile industry
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The emergence and decline of absenteeism as a problem
for the government of the working population (Argentine, XX century)
Victoria HAIDAR
Currently,
absenteeism has been erased almost entirely from the vocabulary of work science.
However, this deletion does not correspond to what happens in the plane of
labour’s world practices, or, either, with statements from the political
discourse; areas where absenteeism is still an object of concern. Faced with
these contradictions, this article explores the problematization of absenteeism
during the XX century in Argentine, analyzing, from a historical perspective, a
series of discourses. After exhuming the conditions that, over the century,
made possible both the emergence of absenteeism as a problem, as its decline, it
recalls the reflections and interventions that, in the present, referring to
absenteeism, in order to show its continuity and discontinuity with those
strategies and ways of thinking that in other historical periods, were mobilized
in order to govern the relationship between attendance at work, health and
productivity.
Keywords:
Absenteeism - Work - Productivity – Health.
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Paraguayan rural extensionists’ training needs from the
perspective of their function, their problems and their interests.
Fernando LANDINI
It is essential
to discuss the contents and the methodologies used to train rural extensionists,
many times exclusively focused on technical knowledge and conducted in a
traditional and hierarchical way. Thus, in this paper, analyzing the results of
interviews I conducted in Paraguay, I describe the training needs of the
Paraguayan rural extensionists studying their function, the problems they face
and their own training desires. Besides, I study the results of a national
survey to analyze in a quantitative way their training desires, the preferred
methodology to be trained and the relationship between these and other
variables.
I conclude that
the training needs of rural extensionists exceed technical contents, including
knowledge related to commercialization, methodology of rural extension, group
coordination and participatory techniques. Additionally, I also highlight that
the contests prioritized by the extensionists surveyed as well as the preferred
methodologies to be trained are distributed unevenly by sex, employment status,
education, age and experience in rural extension. Finally, I also mention that
the rural extensionists expect trainings to articulate theory and practice and
to include moments for reflection and group dialogue.
Keywords:
Training; Rural extensionists - Complex approach - Paraguay.
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Configurations productive and educational and labor
trajectories of young people in the Mendoza wine. A challenge to studies of
trajectories from a regional perspective in Argentina.
María Eugenia MARTIN
This article
discusses the debates on the study of paths, expectations and strategies for
youth. Exposes the relevance of including in the discussion the characteristics
that they assume in relation to the specific local socio settings in which they
are inserted. Finally, we note some progress in an ongoing investigation that
takes this perspective on youth in the Mendoza wine.
Keywords:
educational and occupational trajectories – young – Mendoza - wine.
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Dependent Capitalism and Factory Labor Management in
Brazil
Geraldo Augusto PINTO
One of the
aspects of countries with relative advanced industrialization in relation to the
regional context in which they are situated, such as Brazil in Latin America and
the Carebbean, although belated and dependent if compared to transnational
industrial centers (Europe, USA and Japan), is the presence of subsidiary plants
owned by transnational groups. Aiming for mass-production with state support for
an emerging market, such companies have brought from abroad equipments and
methods of labor management. As for the latter, however, they find themselves
dealing with a local working class whose origins, political composition and
qualification differ from the central countries' ones. This allowed management
to apply method adaptation which has elevated worker exploitation to higher
levels than in classic experience. The goal of this text is to present such
aspects, observing the trajectory of Brazilian automotive industry.
Keywords:
Sociology of work – taylorism, fordism, toyotism; work qualification; Brazilian
automotive industry – technological innovation and organizational change.
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Modernity, social inequality and uncertainty: notes to
think social stratification processes from a dynamic perspective
Jésica Lorena PLA
Social
stratification refers to the distribution of different positions in a society,
based on unequal distribution of property and services. It makes social
inequality inherent component of it and one of social mobility its determinants.
This complex process between inequality and mobility is a characteristic of
modernity and its "freedom" in the double sense of political and legal means of
production. This "social question" has opened the debates on how to respond to
it. The following article try to review these debates, particularly around the
way people found to plan their daily and family life "conditioned" paradoxically
this double freedom. Eventually this situation re-builds perceptions of
uncertainty and risk about it. So, the objective is to rethink the contribution
of these theoretical approaches to analyze the processes of social mobility in
general, and stratification in particular, as a result thereof.
As we know the
pattern of social mobility that fits a society, we can think the underlying
social structure when it comes to social inequality, in their study, social
classes become visible. It thus seeks to contribute to the knowledge of social
inequality from a perspective that allows re-build the space to explain and
predict the maximum number of differences between a given set of subjects.
Keywords:
Inequality – mobility – stratification – risk – uncertainty
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Bioethics focus from the relation Worker -
Safety: One issue to be addressed
Claudio MUÑOZ POBLETE y Jairo VANEGAS LÓPEZ
From the
discipline of the bioethics the conflict in relation to the right to the health
and safety of the worker, and the legitimate aim of the companies to maximize
the production, continues being a hanging topic. At present works, persist with
high levels of insecurity and enormous differences as for job safety, between
countries, economic sectors, social groups and between line of business, in
spite of the achievements reached in labor laws during last century. The
persistence of highly work hazards and processes of technological innovation,
between others, have transported new and unknown risks for the health. Opposite
to this uncertainty the beginning of the precaution based on the scientific
advances and the social values, it allows adopting measures to avoid or to
diminish the hurt when the activity humanizes is exposed to a labor risk that
they are not morally acceptable. It imposes the need to support efficient
programs of prevention, vigilance and risk evaluation. The previous thing, he
carries to considering the beginning of responsibility, considering that every
member of a company would be responsible for the good for the others. In this
respect, the social responsibility must be reflected in actions for which they
take decisions, so much of the State sector as of the Private sector, to propose
public policies and procedure that protect the workers. The occupational health
as a global good, debit was orientating to public policies of global character,
but with collective responsibility and favoring of the coherence of interests
between the State, the workers and the private sector.
Keywords:
Bioethics - work hazards - safety of worker – justice – autonomy – precaution –
social responsibility.
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Assessment of the perspectives of the process of land titling in the rural
community San Juan de Miraflores, Perú. August,
2011.
Roger Ricardo RÍOS RAMÍREZ y Sergio Horacio RAMOS GONZALES
Objetivo: Asses
the perspective to the titling of land en the farming community San Juan de
Miraflores. Materials and methods. It was applied a structured questionnaire to
354 comuneros, selected in aleatory conditions, stratified and proportional
mode, previous validation for experts and Cronbach's alpha reliability
α
= 0,944. The study was descriptive and the design was not experimental and
transversal. It was observed that the type of perspective to the titling of land
en the farming community, according to the value t was 49,829, with a
significance p = 0,00, and degrees of freedom = 353. Conclusions and
recommendations: Farmer community in San Juan de Miraflores, the plots do not
have the necessary characteristics that make them to engage in farmer or
ranching and farming activity is nor met as the main economic activity, also
there was no evidence of wealth. The comuneros of CCSJM show a favorable
perspective to the titling of land, so you must star the process of land
titling, promoting other option different to farmer´s labor.
Keywords:
Evaluation – tiling - farming community – perspectives- farmers
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Tarefa que me hiciste sufrir…The
emotionality in the constitution of the young self´s of tareferas families
María Luz ROA
From the
mid-90's in the province of Misiones there was generated a process of expulsion
of agricultural workers and smallholders living in the countryside. This
population was concentrated in the periurban areas of intermediate cities in the
province, and today they depend on the temporary work in the yerba mate harvest
–tarefa-, occasional jobs in town, or they migrate to the Buenos Aires´s
big cities. As part of these processes, young people are the first generation
who was socialized in such territories. In this paper,
María Luz Roa presents an analysis of the self-processes in young people from
families whose main job is the tarefa, focusing on the corporal,
situational and emotional dimensions.
The author
reflects particularly on the processes of identities objectification of young
people, given a particular importance to the emotion of tarefa suffering
in its conformation. In this regard, she notes that the young people draw
various strategies linked to resistance to the tarefa suffering identity
of their parents. These findings demonstrate the leading role of the emboided
emotion in the objectification of certain social relations.
To assess these
processes, she adopts an ethnographical approach.
Key words:
Young rural people - periurban territories - yerba mate harvesters – subjetivity
-emotion.
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The worker’s psichosocial factors of the manufacturing
industry in México
José
Guadalupe SALAZAR ESTRADA y Norma Alicia RUVALCABA ROMERO
This paper
seeks to identify the relationship between mental health and Sense of Coherence
(SOC) and psychosocial factors relation to perception characteristics of work
through a cross-sectional study, descriptive in a random sample of workers in a
manufacturing Industry. The highest overall score of SC what men earn is 124.44.
The presence of a "low state of mental health" is presented in 17.61% of males
and 29.45% for women being in men where statistically significant differences
with respect to the higher average age of the worker and the work time. The SOC
scores were higher in subjects with better mental health in both sexes and was
inversely correlated with scores on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in
all subjects studied.
Keywords:
workers – perception – psychological - sense of coherence - mental health
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Memories of labour conflicts in the 70's. Some issues
about History and Memory relationship in the reconstruction of the past.
Ana Belén ZAPATA
In this article
we will analize workers’s memories about labor conflicts between the years
1973-1976 in Bahía Blanca´s main newspaper. The causes of those conflicts were
the claim of workers for salary recomposition and fulfillment of the collective
labour agreement signed between the company and workers´s representants in 1975.
The struggle
was weakened from the actions of the company and from one national context in
which the repression and terror became a commonplace. In July 1976, after the
coup of state on march 24th, were found on the outskirts of Bahia Blanca, the
lifeless bodies of two of the leading trade unionists of La Nueva Provincia
newspaper; who were killed because of their union membership and active
participation in this conflict.
The analysis in
this paper will be structured from: a first section, which introduces some
concepts about the relationship between History and Memory, a second section
which discusses the problems of historical reconstruction around the multitude
of memories, and a third one, in which delves into the question of temporality,
into the conflicts and disputes over the interpretation of the past and the
silences and obliteration as attempts to cancel the memory.
Keywords:
Memory-History-Labour conflicts- Repression
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Civil society organizations and care in early childhood: an analysis on
caregiving women’s trajectories, practices and
knowledge
Carla ZIBECCHI
This paper
analyses civil society organizations providing care and other activities
concerning social reproduction in poverty contexts. Moreover, it focuses on the
study of caregiving women's trajectories and knowledge. First, we will revisit
the most recent debates on the controversial topic of “care.” Then, this paper
analyzes the way civil society organizations provide many sectors of the
population with care services. Finally, we will explore how caregiving women
experience many aspects of childcare.
Keywords:
labor – childcare – poverty- civil society organizations - women's trajectories
-knowledge.
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Social Movements and disputes for
territories.Work and authonomy experiences in
the Unemployed Workers Union of General Mosconi in Salta.
Juan WAHREN
The Unemployed
Workers Union of General Mosconi (UTD) began in the middle of ´90
years in a small town with a lot of natural resources, principally hydrocarbons.
The UTD was one of the first “piqueteros” (Unemployed Workers who make pickets
in the routes) organization Their demands were to recover their olds works in
the state oil company (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales) that was sale to
private capitals (Repsol from Spain). With the years and collective actions,
this social movement incorporated new demands in defense of the natural
resources (hydrocarbons as well land, forest, water, biodiversity, etc.) and now
building a significant territory influence in the region thought the developing
of different productive, communitarian and cultural auto self-projects. In this
article we analyze the complex relations between the different social actors
that disputes these new territory construction: the social movements, the State
and the Oil companies that have projects in the region.
Keywords:
Autonomy, Social Movements, Territoriality, Unemployed Workers
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The Socialist Party of Buenos Aires and the permanent
rural workers (Tandil, 1920)
Luciano BARANDIARÁN
The proposals
socialist whose references were permanent rural workers were minority compared
to the messages sent to other popular sectors of agriculture, as small producers
and rural workers transient. But that does not mean that workers engaged farmer
work-related, which was developed especially in the Pampas stays, there is been
questioned by the Socialist Party. Focusing on the writings of social
affiliations Anacleto Farias, who wrote on this subject in the city of Tandil in
1920, we will study the nature of those messages. In summary, this paper
attempts to analyze the place that gave them socialism to the workers within the
party project.
Keywords:
Socialist Party, permanent rural workers, rural politics, Tandil, Martín
Fierro.
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Those who left and those who stay: work and life conditions
in tucuman´s migrant households
Matías BERGER, Dora JIMÉNEZ y Elena MINGO
In this article
we analyze and try to understand the elements that condition and make possible
temporary labor migrations of tucuman´s workers to Mendoza. This is an important
question because temporary migrations to get a job implies a certain number of
decisions and initiatives that brought about change and adaptation process’s of
domestic groups that are reflected in some reorganization which makes migration
possible.
Our interest is
to analyze households as units that articulated labor strategies and economic
participation of their memberships. Then, we propose to analyze the way domestic
groups generates conditions that makes possible labor insertions or migration of
household´s memberships understanding that household organization makes more
clear the connection between production and reproduction and conditions and
conflicts between both spaces.
Keywords:
migrant workers – households – labor insertions
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The home carer for the elderly people: on the little visibility of their work
performance
Natacha BORGEAUD-GARCIANDÍA
Our goal is to
engage in the issue regarding the little social visibility that characterizes
the performance of the work of the home carer for the elderly people. They are
usually women workers, and particularly in the CABA, they are immigrant workers
from Latin American countries. In the first part, on the basis of the existing
literature, we resume data about female labor migration to Argentina that take
part in domestic and care jobs. The idea is to see some socio-economic labour
features and changes that took place in the sector, accompanied by feminized
migrant labor movements coming from countries in the region. In a second part,
always in order to reflect the working invisibility of certain jobs, we make the
legal definitions regarding workers in the sector. We briefly highlight aspects
that reflect perceptions and impact reality, some legal specific points, either
from employment status or migration status that improve workers reality and
create a legal absence situation to hinder its recognition. Finally, we will
approximate in a third part, to different elements of the employment of home
carers for the elderly people which converge towards the social invisibility of
their work. These elements are mutually reinforced, though, for a better clarity
in the exhibition, we regrouped them under different themes, such as the
populations concerned, the employment conditions, the performance place, the
developed activities, and finally the type of relations that entails. By way of
conclusion, we will propose a brief reflection on the home care
professionalization efforts, particularly as is being developed in France.
Keywords:
Home
carers, job, invisibility, elderly people, migration, activity, domestic
employment.
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Meanings, representations and working practices in community organizations
of
the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires.
A comparative analysis.
Lorena BOTTARO
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The builders of consensus: political-ideological arguments for the privatization
of Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales in Argentina
Lorena CAPOGROSSI
In Argentina, the
public enterprises privatization during the nineties was made possible by the
construction of a discourse that legitimized the sale of assets of the state
firm. That speech, argued that the state should withdraw from the economy to
make way for the free play of market forces. In the case of privatization of YPF,
this construction was based on three pillars: the chronic inefficiency of state
firms, the need to promote competition and the possibility that workers are
transformed into entrepreneurs. Here we propose to review those arguments constructed
by organic intellectuals and the business community.
Keywords:
Privatization, public enterprises, political-ideological arguments
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Peronism and petroleum unionism in times of the
Military Government of Comodoro Rivadavia, 1944 – 1955
Gabriel CARRIZO
In this article
we propose to analyze the petroleum unionism in Comodoro Rivadavia during the
period of the Military Government (1944 - 1955). This stage coincided with the
first Peronism period, which generated two antagonistic groups to the interior
of the main trade union of the petroleum state company, the Union of YPF Workers
and Employees. From the canonical historiography perspective about Peronism, the
dissolution of the autonomist group has been explained in terms of peronización
and cooptation, in the frame of the conservative position that Perón would have
acquired from 1952.
From the
analysis of the speech, our perspective seeks to move away from this type of
arguments. The dispute between both sectors of the trade union and the
dissolution of the autonomist group would explain from some elements that
constitute the populist speech: the presentation of a hurt, the appearance of a
new political subject, the community life partition by two groups and the
irreductibility of this division.
Keywords:
Unionism – populism- peronism - Petroleum workers - Military government
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The invasion of work on life in the information society
Juan José CASTILLO e Itziar AGULLÓ
In this paper we present some food for thought made from the book Trabajo y
vida en la sociedad de la información (Work and Life in the Information
Society), published by La Catarata, Madrid, 2012. With the aim of its
dissemination and debate among Latin American scientific community. We refer the
interested reader to consult that publication, to appreciate the nuances and
depth of the analysis. And also its limits, and the criticisms that may merit,
and wcihch we will receive with great pleasure. This article and the book,
marked by the theoretical sensitivity, commitment, civic relevance and empirical
fieldwork, is part of a wider research whose main focus is the analysis of the
effects of economic and social transformations of the last twenty years on the
lives and work. In it, the authors try to shed light not only on the changing
conditions of employment, the intensification of the workload, the influences of
territorial dispersion of the fragments of the plants, and the residence of the
workers, but also on the impact on daily life, the sharing of domestic work and
in the balance (or not) between partners. These deep links between employment
and other spheres of life are dealt with trying to show the total workload and
responsibility, or liability of each person in the circumstances of the
"advanced" work at the beginning of this century: the so called "information
society". The authors have chosen as an ideal and exemplary field of research, a
kind of emblematic "technology district" with a high concentration of jobs,
workers with high qualifications and remuneration.
Keywords:
reorganization of production, global chains, work-life balance, knowledge
workers, field work, work intensification.
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Political parties, trade unions
and the shop-floor organization.
The strike by the meatworkers of Avellaneda in 1932
Diego CERUSO
The main
intention of the work is to deepen the line of research that examines the
relationship between the left-wing currents and the labor movement argentine
during the 1930s. In particular, we will approach the study of the programs and
trade union practices deployed the Communist Party in one of the economic
sectors of greater relevance in the productive structure national: the meat
industry.
We seek to
revise the trade union policies of the structures international, continental and
national of the communism with the willingness to observe its impact on the
trade union organization of workers from the meat. We face the investigation
from a perspective of analysis that prioritizes give an account of the practices
and strategies of workers in the workplace. The work of the workers in factories
and enterprises is reviewed during the preparation and development of the strike
in refrigerators in Avellaneda in 1932.
The proposal to
examine the relationship between left and labor movement translates here in the
analysis of the trade union tactics of communism and its impact on the based
trade organization during the strike in refrigerators in Avellaneda in 1932.
Keywords:
communism, labor movement, strike, meatworkers, shop-floor organization.
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Work in care and prevention devices: the social construction of AIDS
Milca CUBERLI
In the frame of
an exploratory and descriptive study that had as intention to analyze the
communicational practices implemented in the Centers of Prevention, Advice and
Diagnosis (CePAD) of HIV / AIDS of health public network of the City of Buenos
Aires (Argentina) from the perspective of the equipment of health, there appears
the social construction that actors make about the AIDS
This category
has the historical characterization given to a particular disease or event from
a social and individual look, produced in the relationship
user-professional/health team. The study was conducted during the years
2008-2009, includes five sampling units (CEPAD) and made 22 (twenty) members of
semi-structured interviews health team, the sampling was intentional. The
results demonstrate the prevalence of a behavior approach risk to describe the
practices which users demand the HIV test performance. Respondents characterize
the practices user exposure in private contexts, separate issues social,
economic and political. There is consensus in defining AIDS as a disease or
syndrome sexual characteristic, where men become the group more exposed to
sexual practices.
Keywords:
social construction- VIH/sida- health team
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Three Psychological Perspectives of
Job
Stress
Marilis CUEVAS-TORRES
Tania GARCÍA-RAMOS
The purpose of
this article is to critically examine three psychological
perspectives of job stress. A literature review showed that these
perspectives are the most frequently cited. The perspectives include two models
of job stress: the demand control model and the effort-reward imbalance model;
and one general theory of stress: the transactional theory. For each
perspective, we present a general description, followed by a critical analysis
of both the notions of humans and work. At the end of the article, we reached a
conclusion for the critical analysis.
Keywords:
Job stress, critical analisis
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Training in employment policy. The employment
territorial plans
Carmen Rosa DELGADO ACOSTA
Mª del Carmen DÍAZ RODRÍGUEZ
Lifelong
learning has a key role within education and job policies because of its
supposed capability to improve individual and collective development as well as
it promotes job chances and territorial development. The paper analizes the role
of workers learning in active employment policies. First, it explores European
Union and Spain learning strategies since 1990 and then educational and
employment provisions in the Canary Islands are examined. Finally Employment
Territorial Plans in the Canary Islands are assessed taking into account island
scale especificities.
Keywords:
Lifelong learning policies,
public policy,
European employment strategy, territorialization, Spain.
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No parametrical knowledge, the posibility of an alternative contribution to
social science. About conmensurability and inconmensurability of cultural
tensions.
Carmen Gloria FUENTEALBA
The following
article is a theoretical reflection to propose the concept of no parametric
knowledge to understand and to indicate the subjects that there are in art
creation contexts that could contribute to solve problems of social sciences.
To apply
categorical epistemic analysis to social matters it has been watched the
proximity between the concepts no parametrical and incommensurability.
Otherwise, incommensurability and its opposite commensurability are concepts
that become from social studies and let us discuss multiculturalism and
interculturality pointing the complexity of fundamental human conflicts.
Thus, it is
presented the tension between incommensurability and commensurability in the
terms of liberalism and communitarianism.
Finally, as an
example and as a brief no parametrical exercise, it is considered the analysis
of a work that becomes from multimedia and conceptual kind of art.
Keywords:
No parametrical, social sciences, inconmensurability, art creation, context.
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A State policy to the public function?
Strengths and weaknesses in the training of political cadres in democracy
María Melina GUARDAMAGNA
In the context
of Argentina and Latin America, the training of state officials and political
cadres necessary to legitimize and carry out a political project is a permanent
issue on the agenda, which has historically attempted to be implemented as a
"state policy-oriented public sector management and led by the State" (National
School of Government, 1998), demonstrating its importance as a social issue that
problematized over time has tried to be resolved by the State along with other
civil society actors.
In this sense,
is a recurring demand from the leaders who go through continuous processes of
change and have the need to incorporate specific knowledge that qualify their
relationship with the citizens, encouraging democratic quality of political
practices. In short, this is an issue that recurrently emerge as an
indispensable element to come out of the crisis being experienced by the
argentine State and, therefore, is a central component of its reform.
Keywords:
State – Society – policy – political cadres – democracy
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Reactivation
of
labor mobilization
in
the automotive industry
(2004-2011).
Partial recovery
of
wages
with
labor flexibility
persistence.
Sebastián GUEVARA
Since
2004 the
power
of the
workers
union
of
auto makers
in
Argentina
grew
in
visibility.
Through
collective
bargaining, but
also
increasing
of,
assemblies
in
workplaces,
public demonstrations,
protests
and strikes,
the revival
of
labor conflicts
led
by
the
workers
was
giving
way
to
brake
the
downward trend
experienced
both
employment
had
as
wages
in
the
sector.
However,
despite
this
growing
movement
and
results
in terms of
employment
and
wages,
the
basis
of negotiations
does not
seem
to have
changed
substantially.
That is,
the
more flexible
set of
conditions
of purchase and
use
of
the
work force
remain
valid
(and in
some
cases
deepened).
This
was
evident
in
the
crisis
experienced by
the
sector
between
2008
and 2009,
before which
the
companies
appealed
to
the flexible tools
(and
even
used the
situation
to
further
its development.)
The
resistance
of
workers from
the
crisis
left
in
evidence,
too,
criticized the
union leadership
that developed
in
the
workplace.
This
paper
presents
an
analysis
of
labor disputes
developed
in
the automotive
Argentina
between 2004
and 2011.
As well
as
some
of
the
results
of these
conflicts
in terms of:
wage developments,
the
process
of labor
flexibility and
union politics.
Keywords:
Automotive
industry
-
union
revival
-
trade organization
in
the workplace
-
flexible
working.
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“Client´s always right”: Subjectivity construction´s process in young workers of
a multinational chain of supermarkets in Rosario
Jaime GUIAMET
In this work we
deal with the problem of the subjectivity construction of supermarket´s young
workers from the perspective of their relationship with the client, since we
consider that in this one a series of significant dimentions of the work in
supermarkets are articulated. Nowadays, business politics tend to incorporate
workers´ subjectivity in the capital´s appreciation process and, in this sense,
attention to customer becomes a key mechanism to achieve it. Besides, we ask
ourselves how workers aproppiate this mechanisms in concrete work process of
attention to client, emphasizing that, beyond this politics´s effectiveness,
workers´ practices also take implicit resignifications, appropiations and
limits.
Keywords:
Work; Subjectivity; Youth; Attention to Client
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Communicational contributions to a debate
on citizenship and migration
Gerardo HALPERN
This paper
presents a set of descriptions and interpretations ofthe Ápe Paraguay
experience, a political-communicational project carried outin Argentina and
Paraguay by a group of Paraguayan migrants since 2008 which has gradually grown
due to the inclusion of members from other parts of the world.
It is their
political statement, their website content and also their Internet radio
broadcasting and other initiatives using and not using information and
communication technologies that has led us to put forward a number of concerns
about the way in which citizenship is currently produced and the political
nature of the organization of Paraguayan migrants in different parts of the
planet
These concerns
have allowed us to link the organizational aspects of contemporary Paraguayan
migrants with the production and demand of emerging identities and the use of
media as a form of construction of legitimate subjects there where the history
of Paraguay has created remoteness and punishment.
In short, from
some contributions of Cultural Anthropology and the field of Communication
Sciences, we are trying to recover some initiatives for the production of
citizenship that bring to light both the inner conflictivityof the migration
processes and the migrants´ communicational struggle in their demands for the
access to rights.
Keywords:
communication; citizenship; Paraguayan migration
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Transformations of the political identities. Origin and mutation of
Classist and Combative Current (Corriente Clasista y Combativa) in Rosario
city.
Esteban IGLESIAS
The purpose of
this work is to analyze the political origins and mutation of Classist and
Combative Current (Corriente Clasista y Combativa – CCC) in Rosario city,
emphasizing on the transformations that work on their identity and political
principles. The CCC from its beginnings until the present days has suffered
significant modifications in its identity principles. In its beginnings, the
organization was constituted as a fighting tool for the unemployed. Never the
less, after some changes occurred in the social and political environment that
overcame form some specific public policies, this particular element has been
relegated form its identity dimension, so its political actions became
protagonist in the workers world. The political aspects of the organization were
influenced, that’s the reason why the protests are orientated to the national
government.
The gathering
of information was made through interviews. Key informers were selected, and the
information they provided allowed the reconstruction of how the identity and
political principles of the organization were forged from its gestation to the
present days. There where another sources such as national and local newspapers,
which allows a description of the analyzed period, go deeper in the analysis of
the political and social conjuncture, and finally, the confrontation between
different sources of information, key informers and journalists.
Keywords:
social protest, picketer organizations, political identities.
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Is Mexico, border changes only: from countryside to city dwellers world of
personal growth experience
Martha Cecilia JARAMILLO CARDONA
Lilia Esther VILLANUEVA MARTÍNEZ
The work presented
here aims to expose as from a natural disaster Mary migration from rural to
urban areas, leads to find a way to survive in a place like Tijuana, different
from all traditions, customs and culture. This case study wants to show how the
different environments and adverse circumstances can lead a person to potentiate
and discover new capabilities, and also making them available to others. The new
ideological position of Mary, not only change their gender attitudes to the new
environment, if it also extends to his family, I stop being indigenous and
peasant became a micro-entrepreneur, accepts the challenges with greater ease,
look at the new customs, traditions, and adopts new fight for the rights of
other women, but its essence is the border of Chiapas but now his vision is of a
vertex of the northern border in Mexico.
Keywords:
Migration, gender, border, capabilities, rights.
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The borders of precariousness: Perceptions and meanings of
work for young workers precarious of hypermarkets
Julieta LONGO
From a case
study in a multinational company, the paper proposes to rethink the concept of
precariousness, in the light of perceptions and meanings that workers attributed
their labor. The study focuses on young workers, one of the most vulnerable and
flexible group in the labor market, and was carried out in hypermarkets,
understanding that it is in the service sector which concentrates youth
employment in precarious conditions. It argues that precariousness is a historic
form in the power relationship of capital and work, and therefore should be
considered in terms collective rather than individual.
Keywords:
Precariousness –Youth – Power relations – Service sector – Subjectivity
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The new proletariat of surveillance:
private security guards in Argentina
Federico LORENC VALCARCE
Khalil ESTEBAN
Tomás GUEVARA
A private
security industry has been established in Argentina during the last decades.
This process has included the creation of a new socio-professional category -
private security agents, known as “vigiladores” - who are responsible for
providing protection and surveillance services. In this paper, we analyze the
social characteristics of these workers and the jobs they perform. We also
describe the selection process through which these individuals are recruited and
how they access this occupation.
Keywords:
private security, services, work, surveillance
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Relations of solidarity and power among receiver and promotores of social
program "Banco Popular de la Buena Fe".
Matías José IUCCI
The work
explores the notion of solidarity that were in the guidelines of the social
program "Banco Popular de la Buena Fe” and the social ties that occurred among
receivers and intermediaries political meeting spaces generated by the program.
“Banco Popular
de la Buena Fe” is a social program that promotes social inclusion through the
development of individual micro-loans to small from a joint guarantee. It was
released by the Social Development Office in 2002 and its implementation brings
together NGOs.
The work was
done with a qualitative methodology, combining participant observation during
the days of mandatory meeting called for by the program, and interviews with
promoters and receivers.
Keywords:
Social Policies– solidarity – poverty –NGo –
municipality
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Work, associativism and collective action:
the case of the
recovery and classification of solid waste cooperatives
Johanna MALDOVAN BONELLI
This article analyzes the consolidation process of the recovery and
classification of solid waste cooperatives as a distinctive actor in the
recycling production chain in Buenos Aires City. I analize how the deployment of
a collective strategy based on associative organizations has been a way to
improve working conditions and to integrate themselves into the urban hygiene
public system. This process is presented in three different moments established
from the conformation of cooperative organizations and their interaction with
the public policies related to the activity.
Keywords:
Associativism – collective action – cooperativism - recycling
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Ideas, beliefs and politics in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay, between the
fifties and sixties
Inés NERCESIAN
This paper
intends to analyze the relationship between politics, ideas and beliefs in
Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay during the period 1950-1960. First, we
reconstruct the main debates at CEPAL in the early 1950s and their repercussion
on the distinct projects and political alternatives at that time. Second, we
analyze how the success of the Cuban Revolution made it necessary to revise
these same problems in Latin America, opening the door to a new scenario of
political alternatives for the left- and right-wing. The study proposes
reconsidering the position of “revolution” and “violence”, topics that were
highly characteristic of the 1960s, on an integral map of ideas that began to
take shape in the critical instance of the 1950s.
Keywords:
Latin America, CEPAL, modernization, development, revolution, dependence
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Effects of reduction social investments for keeping inclusive
migratory policies.
Pilar NOVA MELLE
A lot of
countries are suffering the economical crisis in such a way that makes people
think about issues never taken into consideration in times of prosperity.
Shortly said, that problem is commonly expressed in an interrogative way: are
emigrants an expense for host countries?. This essay is intended to prove that
emigrant population, even in the current situation of general unemployment,
keeps being an investment that makes unquestionable profits on different fields.
To compare that assumption in relation to real data, it will be analyzed tools
as Population Local Statistics, Spanish population pyramid, active population
poll, public health system attending, expenses on education, as well as chapters
of public budget devoted to social policies by the Spanish Government.
Keywords:
social investment, inmigration, population, solidarity, social exclusion,
expense, unemployment
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Peasant knowledge,
the “monte santiagueño” as fodder resource.
Patricia RIAT
Peasant
knowledge about natural environment could be interpreted through their daily
relationship with the “monte”, where a big part of their needs of subsistence
are supplied by it. Considering the primary mode of subsistence, animal
husbandry, fodder’s peasant knowledge is approached from the use of native
plants. The study area is located in the phytogeographic Chaco región. It covers
the northern part of Pueblo Los Juríes, between the departments of General
Taboada and Brigadier Felipe Ibarra, at the center-east of Santiago del Estero.
Livestock production is made in small scale and extensively, being farming
systems mainly of subsistence. During one year three field trips in the area
were performed. On the first trip the Project was presented to the comunity and
informed consent was obteined for its development and publication of results.
Data were collected through qualitative ethnobotanical techniques to record the
knowledge and practices plant resources. Thirty five plants are presented -that
are used locally as fodder- as well as the livestock type associated. Results
demonstrate the importance of local knowledge concerning native plant species
useful in livestock feeding. Despite the relatively short time of settlement of
the rural population in the area, their knowledge, acquired from neighboring
regions and in situ, demonstrate a high degree of observation and
understanding of the ecosystem in wich they are immersed.
Keywords:
Santiago del Estero, peasants, local knowledge, animal husbandry, native fodder,
monte
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Demographic Aging and Female Labour Participation
Gabriela Adriana SALA
This article
analyzes the labour participation of women aged 60 years and over residing in
Argentine urban areas, from special tabulations of the Permanent Survey of
households in the third quarter of 2009. To this end, the analysis of the main
occupational groups among the occupied and the last occupation among the
unemployed is emphasized. Also the perception of social security benefits and
the intensity of the occupation at different ages and occupational group are
evaluated.
The article
shows the duality of the profile of the aged women occupied, because them who
lack of high education predominated the inclusion in occupation linked to
domestic and non-domestic cleaning services, the direct commercialization,
administrative planning and control, industrial and handicraft production,
health and sanity, people care and gastronomic services occupations. On the
other hand, among the most educated women prevailed those occupation linked to
the education, health, management of small and medium companies directive
occupations, administrative management and commercialization occupations.
Keywords:
“labour force participation” “aging” “gender”“retirement benefit” “aged people”
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Industrial relations and hegemonic despotism in the
Argentinean automotive industry during 1990s
Agustín SANTELLA
In the theory
of “factory regimes” of Michael Burawoy, the process of production is not
reduced to the labor process, but includes “political apparatuses which
reproduce those relations of the labor process through the regulation of
struggles”. We intend to show a case in that the automotive corporations make
informal and formal agreements with shop floor trade union organizations,
transferring some control functions as a labor control guarantee. This essay is
proposed to stress the importance of shop floor trade unions organizations in
different historical contexts and in the period of trade union adaptation to
market reforms. We present some research results on original and secondary
sources about worker mobilization of automotive industry in Argentina between
1986 and 2006.
Keywords:
hegemony, trade union, industrial relations, neoliberalism
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Reflexions about of the telework’s analysis
Gerardo
TUNAL SANTIAGO
The goal of the
present article is to analyze how the telework had been studied as a new form of
labor organization. Specifically we emphasized some interpretations of this
social phenomenon and the relationship between it and the supposed dislocation
of the work force. Likewise we studied how the teleworkers has been
conceptualized in the context of a precarious labor. Also, we observed which are
the new labor demands inherent of this kind of work and how those are been
expressed inside the Industrial Relations System. The afore mentioned is done in
order to suggest an analysis of the telework much cautious assuming this process
like nor lineal and nor univocal.
Keywords:
Telework, informatization of organizations, teleinformatic,
tic’s
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Historical narrative and categories of public-registration: approximations of
militancy tasks and know how’s from leaders of a group
Melina VÁZQUEZ
This paper is
part of a
broader
research
project
which
examines
one of the most substantive manifestations of collective action in recent
Argentina - the “Unoccupied Workers Movement " -coming from a sociology of
activist commitment. The investigation approaches the activism of strata
leadership in order to elucidate who the leaders are, their cultural and social
profiles, what type of previous know how’s and capitals are recreated depending
on there politically active occupation, how they develop their activist careers
and how activist socialization takes place regarding leadership positions.
In connection with this general purpose, the article analyzes one of the main
tasks performed by the leaders;
their
role
as
spokespersons of the
group.
To do this, the investigation approaches a set of primary sources, especially, a
political calendar elaborated in occasion of the seventh anniversary of an
Unoccupied Workers Movement located in the south area of the Great Buenos Aires.
The investigation seeks to show
how
the
objectification
of the
group is
performed through
the development
a
historical
narrative
about the
genesis of the group and
categories of
public-registration, such as "unemployed
worker" and
"autonomy".
Key words:
Historical narrative, activism, spokesman, unoccupied workers.
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and new reaches of the weberian fundamentals
Emanuel YNOUB
The industrial
work has been arduously analyzed by Karl Marx, and his contribution is an
unavoidable reference for the different thought currents that followed him in
the subject. Max Weber has also studied the industrial work in relation to his
concern for the rationalization of the modern world.
In this
context, we intended to present Weber fundamentals trying to upgrade his view in
relation to the great industry as well as to the new production and work forms
at the present time.
In consequence,
we think that these new forms of conceiving the work on the part of the
companies are far from recognizing the value of handmade work and its social
implication.
Keywords:
industrial work-rationalizacion- handmade work
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New Industries: public policy and governance in the Software and Informatics
Services industry. The case of Córdoba, Argentina.
Natalia BERTI
y
Agustín ZANOTTI
The Software
and Informatics Services (SIS) industry shows steady growth worldwide. However
in Argentina, it is in the “postconvertibility” period (2002 to present), that
this sector shows an exceptional development. This study takes the case of the
Province of Cordoba, one of the largest concentrations of SIS companies outside
Buenos Aires. The Province of Cordoba is also characterized by the establishment
of several Transnational Corporations (TNC). A set of policies and business
strategies as well as regional factors explain this particular concentration.
This paper
addresses the subject of governmental strategies at the provincial and city
scale in relation to the promotion of the industry in the past decade. SIS
policies are included in two stages: the periods 2001-2006 and 2007- 2011. The
first period provides the basis of the development of a policy model for the
sector, while the second one moves towards a consolidation of a regulation
device . The second period shows a greater complexity since new state policies
attempt to respond to the demands of the entrepreneurial sector as a whole.
Based on an
analysis of legislation, newspaper articles and interviews with key actors, we
seek to understand the commitment of local governments into a sector of
intangible goods, in a context of transformation of capital accumulation on a
global scale and competitive regionalism. We explore the process of governance
in which the provincial government, foreign investments, local entrepreneurs as
well as other institutions are involved. These processes define action patterns
that guide possible strategies and industrial policy settings into the future.
Keywords:
software industry, Córdoba, public policy, governance, informational capitalism.
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Labour Structure and Control Devices in the Automotive Industry: The
“toyotism” as a complex rationalization system
Diego ALVAREZ NEWMAN
The following
article intends to examine the concept of “toyotism” based on the description
and analysis of the Toyota Production System (TPS) and its´ principles and
strategies application.
We infer the
TPS as a complex system which rationalizes both the production and the workers.
This system works through the implementation of diverse technical and social
devices. The TPS postulates certain basic principles aiming a continuous
productivity and quality improvement, applying a strategic configuration to
intervene in the control of the factory´s time and space as well as in the
regulation of rhythms, movements and worker´s values. These devices do not only
operate as production and productivity watchers, but also function as workforce
flexibilization and eligibility union tools to minimize the conflict. Train to
count on workers who are involved in the company goals and with an union which
can relate to the Toyota philosophy, represents a major productivity factor in
the sense that the continuous improvement cycle won´t be affected.
Keywords:
Toyotism, Control Devices, Rationalization, Flexibilization, Continuous
Improvement.
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Migrant worlds. Itineraries
in the cycles of life and work
Mónica BENDINI, Martha RADONICH y Norma STEIMBREGER
Seasonal temporary workers rebuilding migration projects every year arrive to
fruit harvest in the valleys of Rio Negro. To this end, we characterize the
spaces of life and work as migration contexts, their family histories and
occupational trajectories. The analytical perspective is to visualize them from
family social reproduction strategies and to focus on migration projects as one
of its own elements. This study can be enrolled in the line of empirical
research and theoretical conceptualization on the territorial mobility of
workers and the expansion of capital in export agricultural regions. After
successive approximations by extensive, typological and comparative procedures,
we understand that the study could be enriched by the incorporation of social
insights on two histories of life, paradigmatic it is one by its points of
anchorage between family history and agrarian social history but both are
representative of migratory harvest flows and involve two or three generations
of workers. In them, we analyze the mutual relations between labor trajectories,
space itineraries and family dynamics. We deepen in vital and occupational
trajectories in their historical travesties and space itineraries. Critical
perspective and empirical data redefine seasonal work in agriculture and the
character that migration process assumes in dynamic regions of dependent
capitalism. Workers movements show different levels of territories but also
express paradoxical modernization with persistence of marginalization in
subalternization.
Keywords:
seasonal farm worker, export fruiticulture, migration project, social
reproduction strategies
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Humorous representation in Argentina´s
leading newspaper in view of the "resurgence" of the union actor
Vanesa COSCIA y Mercedes MOGLIA
The aim of the
following article is to analyse the purpose of graphic humour when used in
political journalism for the coverage of conflicts related to trade unions in
the period 2004-2007. During Kirchner’s government trade unions became a central
political and social actor favoured by collective bargaining, a gradual recovery
of employment and struggles for salary increments as well as tripartite
agreements between government, industry and
traditional
union organizations.
The study
focuses on the case of Clarín, taking into account the place of privilege
both as a political and economic actor in the national scene. This journal is
part of and constitutes the cornerstone of the Grupo Clarín, a holding
company that is the major national multimedia control group of newspapers and
magazines, television licensing, Internet, radio stations and producers, among
others.
The idea of
analysing the mass media representations of the trade union force focalizing on
the humorous representations that appear in political cartoons and jokes
evolves from the belief that
the political humour functions as a device that “enchants the unaware addressee,
who naively accepts many of the premises hidden in the message.” (Mazzei
1997:88). The question that guided the research is how humour works in the mass
media narratives, shaping and exploiting certain common sense notions around
issues related to historical matters of the national trade union.
Key words:
representations, mass media, trade unions, labor conflicts, graphic humour.
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From the weekly to the book.
The writing of Rodolfo Walsh’s Rosendo as the construction of the
vandorismo in the Argentina of broken Peronism
Darío DAWYD
In the present article we reconstructed Rodolfo Walsh’s research about the death
of Rosendo García, Domingo Blajaquis and Juan Zalazar that he published in seven
notes in the weekly CGT between May and June in 1968. Those notes are
compare with his later publication of the research as a the book ¿Quien mató
a Rosendo? in May, 1969. We try to emphasize the differences between both
formats and contexts because those differences allow as to relieve the critical
political context in which they took place. The article underline of the worst
approached investigations of Walsh and put it in its context of the meanings of
the division of the CGT and the Peronism, considering that Walsh had taken again
his political militancy and had make his first links with one of the fractions
of the Peronism in dispute.
Keywords:
Rodolfo Walsh, Rosendo García, peronism, vandorismo, unionism
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Agrarian change and new rurality:
Kaleidoscope of soya expansion
in the Pampa region
Carla GRAS
In the last decades, and in the framework of the thesis on the configuration of
a new rurality, villages and small towns have drawn the attention of the social
sciences. Rurality is defined as increasingly polysemic, where the previous
boundaries between rurality and agriculture have redefined. Our interest in the
rural villages of the Pampa region stands on this understanding, and introduces
another key process related to the deep changes caused by the development of a
new model of agricultural production, which involved a dynamic of “winners” and
“losers”.
The existence
of population living in rural towns and villages that has no relationship with
the agriculture and of an agricultural sector profoundly changed are two main
driven forces whose consequences on rurality we aim to understand. We are
interested in exploring how this differentiation between “winners” and “losers”
has affected the social positions held by farmers in local communities as well
as their importance in local population and economy. We explore the cultural
distinctions and tensions regarding social integration and the extent in which
it departs from the idea of community defined by the relative similarity or
homogeneity and the stability of its components.
Key words:
rurality, agricultural model, social differentiation
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Worrk-Family Balance, Family Support,
Parental Self Efficacy and Perceived Family Functioning in a Chilean Public
Workers
Elizabeth Riquelme Orellana
Aransazú
Rojas Habibe
Andrés Jiménez Figueroa
It is analyzed
the relationship between work-family balance, family support, parental
self-efficacy and public officials, given the differences between men and women.
A 181 professional staff We applied three instruments measuring variables
related. It is noted that there were significant differences
in the level of work-family balance among men and women, giving women a better
balance. On the other hand there was no difference in family support, parental
self-efficacy and family functioning.
Regarding the
relationship between these variables was found a statistically significant
relationship between family support and parental self-efficacy (r =- 0.333, p
<0.01) between family support and family functioning (r = 0.734, p <0.01),
work-family balance and parental self-efficacy (r = 0.275, p<0.01) and between
parental efficacy and family functioning (r =-0.276, P <0.01).
Keywords:
work-family balance, family support, parental self-efficacy and family
functioning.
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The Energy Absorption in Call
Centers: Between Wrecked Bodies
and Leadership Performance
María Inés LANDA
Leonardo G. MARENGO
In this article we propose the study, from a “social body perspective”, of the
socio-productive universe of Call Centers, focusing on the dynamics of
human energy metabolism that is produced in this emerging
field. Consequently, we have organized the argumentation strategy in two
moments: Firstly, we present the conceptual framework chosen for the analysis of
a particular case: the telephone company Movistar in Argentina.
Secondly, we describe the diferential energy dispositions, physical and social,
that reveal the agents’ framework of the Call Center object of study: telephone
operator, client, company and leaders. We conclude that the energy management
model in Call Centers implements an original and specific model of
selection and use of working bodies. Paradoxically, in the analyzed business
scenes the main technological innovation is not a machine but a human
technology, a body performance.
Keywords:
Call Centers, work, body, energy metabolism, company, flexible
capitalism.
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The
South American
trade union
in the lost decade:
particularities
of the Brazilian case
Juan Bautista LUCCA
The interest of
this paper is to analize, in the South American context during the
nineties, the Trade-Union representation. We want to recognize the
similarities in the South American cases, in order to discover the specificity
of the Brazilian case, one of the most particular contrast trade union
situation in Latin American.
Key Words: Trade
Union, South America, 1990's, Brazil.
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The consulting industry and the
constitution of the managerial elite of large Argentinean companies
Florencia LUCI
The purpose of this article is to analyze the role adopted by the consulting
industry in the constitution of the managerial elite of large companies in
Argentina. The goal is to show that the consulting firms have an outstanding
role in the organizational processes of large Argentinean companies. They often
participate directly in the leader’s selection process - being in charged of the
recruitment tests, evaluation, and promotion- as well as in the constitution of
sociability relations that generate unequal possibilities of professional
career.
Keywords:
consulting firms, managerial elite, large companies.
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The Second Vatican Council and its
impact
on argentinian Episcopal field
Paulo MARGARIA
This article
examines the impact that Second Vatican Council had on argentinian Catholic
Church, with special emphasis on the Bishops field, from a socio-religious
perspective that seeks to explain the complexity of Catholic field. Therefore,
it seems appropriate to use the Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of "field". We believe
that talk about "religious field" allows us to conceive Catholicism as a dynamic
social space spanned by constant conflicts and struggles carried out by groups
of agents who tried to dominate the field. Again, this allows us to characterize
the positions that the Council emphasized in the Argentine Catholicism, acting
as a propellant and legitimizing ideas and conflicts that existed previously.
Key words:
religious field, Second Vatican Council, Argentinean Catholic Church, conflicts
and struggles for domination.
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About occupational categories in
collective bargaining and its changes
during the last decades
Clara MARTICORENA
This paper analyses the structure and the criteria of definition of occupational
categories in collective agreements from selected manufacturing activities along
different periods, since 1975. In particular, we aim to analyse the way in which
the advance of capital
against labour in the last decades of the 20th century expressed
in the definition of occupational categories in collective agreements.
This analysis
allows us to recognize processes of exclusion of categories, reduction in the
number of categories, and redefinition of the same ones. Even when the changes
in occupational categories were neither homogeneous nor linear, those processes
started during the 90’s have great relevance today.
Key words:
Occupational categories - Collective bargaining - Manufacturing industry
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The workers and the notion of "seguridad
competente"
Hernán M.
PALERMO
Our purpose in this article is to quiestioning new labour management logics and
its incidence in workers' experience shaping. We specially point to some
interesting trends from our research process, situated in YPF (Yacimientos
Petrolíferos Fiscales), the national petroleum company which has been privatized
and owned by spanish group Repsol. We focus out our attentiion on one of main
management strategies which is labour security policies, from an ethnographical
perspective. This way, we point out discipline meaning that concerns to the
notion of "seguridad competente" and its consequences over workers' practices
and meanings.
Keywords:
workers - "seguridad competente" - manegement policies - competences –
discipline.
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Some comments on the relation between
growth and emplyment in Argentina over the past few years
Germán PINAZO
The devaluation of the peso in 2002 has initiated a process of uninterrupted
growth that has no precedents in our recent history. Moreover, this process
shows some special characteristics that have been an object of a prolific
discussion. The aim of this paper is to contribute to that discussion. Making
use of a particular characterization of the argentinian economic structure, we
pretend to collaborate not only to the analysis of its recent performance, but,
specifically, to the study of the tension that seems to exist between growth,
empleoyment and purchasing power of the salary.
Key words:
Argentinian economy, structural heterogeneity, industry, employment,
distribution.
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An analysis about their conditions and possibilities
Luisina
P. RADICIOTTI
This paper proposes a theoretical analysis about on some of the factors related
with the thematic of democracy in unions.
We wonder if there is a process of democratization in the Argentine unions (Bensusán,
2000) for reflect about several aspects linked to a complex field of study that
presents scanty empirical research. In this sense, different questions guide
our exploratory work to debate about the opportunities and obstacles that
present in union democracy in Argentina. For that, we analized varied
theoretical and interpretive perspectives.
Keywords:
union democracy; argentine trade unionism.
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Breakthrougs and subjectivities:
An approach to the perspectives of labor paths
María
Eugenia ROBERTI
The aim of the
present work is to study the theoretical contributions which are given by the
focus on labor paths to understand the integration of heterogeneous courses,
unpredictable and discontinuous, which are developed through the subjects
working lives. From this point, we perform a critical thought together with a
theoretical systematization of those research works which can help us understand
how working biographies are built up in a context of intermittence and
uncertainty. The chosen perspective gives to the social analysis the possibility
to analyze these new phenomena from their analytical complexity, since it let
comprehend the objective and subjective dimensions considering their temporal
articulation.
Keywords:
Youth, Job placement, Transition to adulthood, Deinstitutionalization
of life course, Labor path.
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Patterns of occupational homogamy in Argentina: 2007-2008
Santiago
RODRÍGUEZ
Homogamy is one
of the main mechanisms for the reproduction of social structure. It refers to
the degree on which members of a society marry or bind with equals in terms of
important socioeconomic characteristics, such as social class. It is implied
that the lowest the homogamy index -i.e., a highest amount of unions between
people of different social classes-, the more open is a society and the less
relevant are barriers between different groups. In addition, homogamy
contributes to reproduce social inequality, given than it favors the
differential transmission of economic, social and cultural resources from one
generation to another.
The aim of this paper is to analyze
patterns of occupational homogamy / heterogamy in legal and consensual couples
living in Argentina in 2007-2008.
A quantitative
methodological strategy it is used, employing descriptive and inferential
statistical techniques. Data is taken from a survey on Stratification and
social mobility, applied to a probability sample on a national
level (2007-2008) by Centro de Estudios de Opinión Pública - Universidad de
Buenos Aires.
The main
findings suggest that the selection between spouses is not at random and that
their own social class is a relevant factor in couple formation. Occupational
homogamy, in terms of social class, increases between younger couples.
Key words:
marital unions,
occupational
homogamy, occupational heterogamy and social structure reproduction.
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Constitution and use of labour force: the relations between education and the
collective worker
Cecilia ROSSI
The argument
exposed util now was intended to analize in a critical way the relation between
work and its more and more complex relation with education, in different
aspects. Particularly considering education as a contribution to the
constitution of labour power and, between living work and education (or speeking
precisely, pedagogical practices) in work places. It was in this aspect that the
constitution of the colective worker and the need for considering in a more
extended way the notion of cooperation was suggested as the axis of the
formulation.
Key words:
Labour force, labour, education, cooperation, collective worker.
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Labour in clothing industry: a rapprochement
to the Argentine case
Paula D. SALGADO
Clothing industry has shown erratic behavior in recent decades,
characterized
by a sharp
reduction from the nineties and
a
subsequent
intensive
growth
that followed
the
economic recovery
after the
2001 Economic
Crisis.
These
trends imply
radical changes
both
in the production process
and in the working conditions.
In
this
paper we analyze
the
factors that affect
the
fluctuations
in garment industry
and
the main results for
workers of the
sector.
Fundamentally,
the
growth of the
extremely
precarious
employment of
unregistered immigrants,
recruited
through
networks
of human trafficking.
It also
outlines
the
institutional intervention
–of
both union
and
government-
analyzing
their
strengths and
limitations
for
the eradication
of
this
form
of
labor exploitation.
Keywords:
clothing industry, labour, human trafficking, union representation.
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Social
Policies and
nutritional needs.
Some
conceptual elements
Luis Hernán SANTARSIERO
The aime of this article is describe
differents perspectives
on social policies and the food
needs to rescue the context in which they
were emerging
in the the
state matrix
by taking some regional
examples,
centrally in
Argentina. This
will characterize
the different modalities for which
they were passing the food
assistance programs in
the care
of vulnerable
populations and the state's
response to
security and social rights
with respect
to access to
food.
Keywords:
food supplies, food needs, social policies.
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Cultural studies, Historiography
and the subaltern sectors
María Mercedes TENTI
The purpose of
this work is to research the relationship between Cultural Studies and
Historiography, especially the ways in which the latter approaches the problem
of the subaltern sectors. A wide band of social actors do not become visible
in most historiographical works, contributing to ratify preconceived
images of traditional positions. Currents emerging in last decades
emphasize
these
new approaches.
The aproaches of a 'new history' are nourished of interdisciplinary
contributions. At the end of last century, new actors - that were not visible in
the field of historiográphy - began to emerge 'from below',
highlighting underlying cultural relativism in historical accounts. Faced with
the emergence of these areas of interest, the main problem faced by historians
are sources, on the one hand, and methodology, for other one. Regarding the
first,
new
interpretations
and questioning
the
official documentation
can
bring forth
the
word
of
the
subaltern.
While
we should not lose
sight
that
these
documents do not contain
the
direct voice
of the protagonists-mediated
clerk-which
can be explained within
the
text,
in
context.
The oral testimony of the actors and of his environment constitutes also an
important contribution to discover the past of those that do not appear in the
official records. The oral tradition began to occupy a relevant space at the
moment of uncovering the past of of groups that do not have built-in the
tradition of the written culture. The photographic and audio-visual records, the
letters of popular song, the novels and the cinematograph, offer other sources
that us allow to bring over to the subalternity, across new methodologies
contributed by the interdisciplinary work.
Key words:
subaltern subjet, cultural studies, historiography, social actors, subaltern
study
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The YPF privatization in
Comodoro Rivadavia. Some social and laboral characteristics and consequences
Fernanda TORRES
The objective of this article is to analyze the process of privatization of the
company YPF in the San Jorge Gulf, more specifically in the Comodoro Rivadavia
area, Province of Chubut. I am interested in studying the social consequences of
this privatization in terms of the labour market, but also paying attention to
the cultural, social, and political aspects that were also altered.
First, I will
present a brief description and analysis of the characteristics of the oil
company's privatization, and of the peculiar production conditions it had in the
Patagonian region.
Then, I will
stop on the different labor strategies which originated after the sale of the
company, which are related to proposals of labor rehabilitation or of
reconfiguration of the labor market structure, and on their results.
Finally, I am
interested in introducing the topic of the "indirect" consequences of the
reconfiguration of the main economic company of the region, i.e. the
redefinition of the main variables of the social, political, cultural, and
economical life of the area. I am particularly interested in analyzing whether a
change in the concept of "work" can be observed, and also the territorial
displacements which occurred in the City of Comodoro and its area of influence.
This analysis will be carried through the study of an unemployed people's
movement of the region: "Coordinadora de Trabajadores Desocupados - Anibal Verón."
Keywords:
YPF privatization- Comodoro Rivadavia- work- territory- unemployed people's
movement.
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Union Statutes,
the forgotten source.
The case of the structures of trade union
employees.
Paula
ABAL MEDINA
The
union statutes,
together with the Trade Unions Act, define the dynamics of
functioning and the methods of participation and decision to the interior of the
union structures. They are fundamental pieces of the internal organization. In
the present work there are analyzed the successive reforms registered by the
bylaws corresponding to the Union of Employees of Trade of Lanús And Avellaneda
in order to define the principal features of the union structure of the region
and his relations with the federation.
Key words:
unionism, statutes, delegates, internal organization hospitalizes.
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Contributions
of Alfred Schutz's social theory
to think politics and collective action
Mariela
Hemilse ACEVEDO
Starting from
the question
about which aspects of the
social phenomenology of
Alfred Schutz
may be relevant to
thinking about politics and
collective action, interest in
these pages will be on
exposing the proposals of
Schutz's place of
systems of relevance
and symbolic representations in the
relationship between man and
the world in
social and political order,
and noted the contributions of
these approaches to the
reflection on the collective
action and politics.
For this, it briefly describes
some formulations
of the
theory schutzeana knowledge
of the world, his theory
of the references
apresentacionales and
symbolization, as well as
references to the
role of the
structures of significance in
the interpretation of the world
and action,
and it examines
how these
developments of the theory
of Schutz are taken up
by Ilja Srubar
and Daniel
Cefaï to think politics.
Keywords:
social meanings
- symbolism
- a system of relevance
- politics -
collective action
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The
access to the migrant work in
Santiago del Estero and Misiones:
a focus on the logic of the actors
Alfonsina
ALBERTI y María José MARTINEZ
The present
article tries to cross through speech of the actors involved in the labor
migration, as they are those questions that do to the problematic one in the
access to this type of work. For which they are taken like referring empiricists
to two different cases; the santiagueños workers who move towards the production
of potatoes in the south of the province of Buenos Aires and Córdoba and the
working misioneros who go towards the forest activity towards the northeast of
the province de Entre Ríos and the south of the Corrientes. In this sense the
perception is important from the workers in relation to two different activities
as far as its particular characteristics that nevertheless they share a point
common that is the space displacement related to the access to the work.
Keywords:
labor migration, access to the work, Santiago del Estero, Misiones, perspective
of the actor.
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Approaches
concerning collective bargaining on convertibility.
Contributions to ask at the present time
Cecilia
ANIGSTEIN
At present, the
guideline was re-established the " traditional guideline " of collective
bargaining after a parenthesis limited by the regime of convertibility? Or, does
it follow in force the guideline of collective bargaining installed in the
decade of the nineties?. These questions claim a review of the argumentations
that were articulated concerning the changes in the bosses of the collective
bargaining during the decade of the nineties and of his conceptual premises. The
intention is to construct a point of conceptual item that a boarding of the
present enables us, but exempt, at least warned of some normative perspectives.
Key words:
collective bargaining, syndicalism,
convertibility
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Employability
and beneficiaries of the Training and Employment
Insurance in
Mar del Plata
Ana Julia ATUCHAy
María Eugenia LABRUNÉE
This paper is
aimed to analyze whether the participation of beneficiaries in the Training and
Employment Insurance improved their employability.
In particular,
the relationship between training and employment of this group, as an approach
to measuring the effect of this labor market policy in Mar del Plata, will be
examined.
The information come from the "Survey of Informality and Beneficiaries of Social
Programs" collected in Mar del Plata, October 2009, by the Labour Studies Group,
School of Economics and Social Sciences at the Universidad Nacional de Mar del
Plata as part of a partnership with the ILO. The primary source was supplemented
by telephone interviews with selected recipients.
The approach was made through an exploration of educational paths followed by
the recipients, their valuation about the improvement of their employability and
the linking of labour market´s actors that the Office of Employment conducts.
The main results reveal that there is a large proportion of beneficiaries
without an educational paths that qualified them for an occupation, negative
perceptions about their employability and situations of labor inactivity. The
need for better job counseling and labor market attachment, in order to improve
the situation of the analyzed group, is highlighted in this paper.
Keywords: employability - educational paths - Beneficiaries of
Social Programs – Mar del Plata.
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The cultural
production of design. The case of self-managed designers
in Buenos
Aires city.
María Eugenia CORREA
In
the last years, in Argentina, and specifically in Buenos Aires City, diverse
self-managed productions, linked to design of objects, have generated the
participation of many young people in the productive structure. In this context,
young self-managed designers are configured, combining economic and productive
strategies with cultural and artistic productions, giving shape to objects that
‘charge’ a singular aesthetics.
This work proposes to describe and analyze the modality of insertion of these
young designers into the economical and labor scene, impelled by a practice of
self-management through which diverse designed objects -in terms of cultural
goods- are produced.
It is interesting to research the development of the “self-managed design”
enterprises because of the impact in cultural field and in quotidian life,
inside a visual culture where design operates on the objects, bringing them
symbolic value to be incorporated to everyday life. Also it is interesting to
comprehend the way this practice constructs life-styles and configures
identities, applying to individualized consumer goods, according to design
products. This article will present the main recent results of the research.
Keywords:
Self-managed
design - Cultural production – Self-management – Identity configuration –
Symbolic every-day construction
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Spatial mobility, Occupation and Employment
in the Inferior Valley of the River Chubut
M. Marcela
CROVETTO
From a
perspective that proposes a number of criticisms of the dichotomous typology of
demographic classification of living space, rural and urban, has inquired about
the forms that everyday spatial mobility in relation to employment in the Valle
Inferior del Río Chubut -Patagonia-Argentina, following a special situation of
everyday spatial mobility as that concerning the production of cherries in the
Valley.
Were used statistics, historical and documentary in coordination with the
construction of primary data through surveys run by different techniques.
Applied primarily a household survey (200 cases) suburbs of the towns involved
in the Valle Inferior del Río Chubut.
The center of the research exercise was in contrasting the results of a field
survey according to both the traditional classification of the area of residence
(rural or urban) and an alternative proposal for research. So we evaluated the
hidden nuances within the homogenizing ideas of rural and urban, synthesized by
the number of inhabitants observed, -in Argentina to 2000 or more is considered
an urban space, less a rural- especially, that many paths daily classically
considered urban social actors were very close to those of the actors in rural
areas.
Keywords:
spatial mobility, employment, rural areas, urban space.
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Dance
of loneliness.
Reflections
on "The Young singles.
The crisis
of peasant society in
the Bearne" by
Pierre Bourdieu
María Carolina
DIEZ
This paper
presents a reflection on the work of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu "The dance of
the singles. The crisis of peasant society in the Bearne". This posthumous book
contains a series of articles on French rural society, which deals with
sociological issues of change and reproduction of the peasantry. These studies
contain the autor’s primary concerns about the symbolic domination and the
interconnectedness of economic and symbolic markets, from the description and
analysis of the crisis and a restructuring of the marriage alliance system.
Based on a review of the book, this work attemps to analyze the research
trajectory of Bourdieu, his critical break with structuralist paradigm, and the
relationship between ethnology and sociology.
Keywords:
peasantry -social reproduction- paradigms-Bourdieu
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The process of dislocation and
subsequent redefinition of the menemist hegemony
Hernán FAIR
The paper
examines the process of dislocation and subsequent redefinition of the menemist
hegemony. Specifically, investigates the reformulation of social demands between
the Tequila crisis of December 1994 and the presidential election of May 1995.
It starts from a theoretical and methodological framework for political analysis
of discourse, incorporating some key categories of lacanian psychoanalysis and
the theory of ideology. It is argued the socio-economic crisis that began with
the outbreak of the Tequila Effect generated a change in the construction of the
menemist hegemony who fortified conservative demands about the socioeconomic
benefits associated with the Convertibility Regime. This change, in turn,
strengthened the catexial identification around Menem´s leadership.
Keywords:
Political identities, Hegemony, Speech, Convertibility Regime, Menemism,
Argentina.
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The
post-2001 housing policies from a shantytown of Buenos Aires:
the State under construction
María
Cecilia FERRAUDI CURTO
A
wide range of housing policies was launched during Kirchner’s government
(2003-2007), in order to mitigate the social “emergency” and reactivate the
economy. While the housing policies were scarce and weak during the ’90s, the
2001 crisis introduced a certain change in the situation. The aim of this
article is to analyze a specific case.
The urbanization of Villa Torres is promoted as an urban project of La Matanza
City produced thanks to the initiative of “a group of neighbors” and financed by
the combination of national, provincial and municipal resources. I will show how
the 2001 “quilombo” (chaos) was built as an “opportunity”, and consider the
vicissitudes of that process. In more general terms, I will analyze the process
of statalization of a neighborhood as a way of showing the State as
construction.
Keywords:
Urbanization – Shantytown – State – Crisis 2001 – Buenos Aires
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Enterprise
Hegemony and new logics of social control:
The management training
Claudia FIGARI
Efficiency
processes on labor, inside corporations contribute to generate systematic
exclusion and division paths, among professional groups. The nineties have made
up a good context in which a new structure for labor and professional paths
could take place.
In that context, a symbolic agent has taken place, founded in a social control
division.
There is a strong relationship between that thesis and another one, which
continues to emphasize a labor conformism. These management skills have given
the possibility of enterprise hegemony.
This article focuses on the new social control interfaces, and analyzes the
emergent professional model. The thesis shows that this implication, contributes
to emphasize the given to both management and beginners training.
The research focuses in some aspects of our doctoral thesis. The main goal is to
expose the most important wages which are derivate from multiple cases studies.
We realize that these studies had taken place in big multinational companies,
who have developed in the nineties and have undergone different re-structuring
processes. Our sources of information have been mainly interviews to the
management chain, and we have also analyzed some text documents produced by
Human Resources departments.
Keywords:
hegemony; social control, management training, professional regime
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Allegation in
Favour of a Comparative Historical Sociology
of Latin America
Verónica
GIORDANO
This article
offers a debate on the possibilities of a comparative historical sociology of
Latin America as a form of “disciplinary hybridization”. The concept of
hybridization is taken from the book by Mattei Dogan and
Robert Pahre, Creative marginality, which offers a very interesting tool
for the historical interpretation of the process of institutionalization of the
Social Sciences. This is the starting point to discuss the possibilities of a
comparative historical sociology of Latin America, its scope in terms of
innovation of the sciences and their practices. Moreover, this article offers
the application of this view to a concrete empirical reality: the evolution of
the civil rights that regulate the juridical equality between men and women,
particularly, the law of “full capacity” for women in the Southern Cone
countries during the second part of the XX century. It is an example from which
the application, possibilities and scope of the given view can be fully
observed.
Keywords:
Historical Sociology, Interdisciplinary, Latin America.
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Impoverishment
or drop in status? The
symbolic dimension of social inequality
Cecilia
JIMÉNEZ ZUNINO
The complex
dynamics in which contemporary society stratification processes – generalized
expansion of consumption levels, change in production activities (from manual to
non-manual) – are inserted force the redefinition of social mobility classical
studies. Lifestyles, consumption patterns, spatial segmentation, education
strategies, etc. are to be interleaved with the occupational structure, a
determining variable in the social stratification studies.
This article is intended to examine the downward social mobility processes, such
as drop in status, differentiating it from impoverishment. Therefore, the
analytical couplet social status and condition (Bourdieu, Cachón,
etc.) are used, since it can shed light on the different modalities that social
downwarding can adopt in different sectors of the middle classes. The rupture
from the tendency to the “vague expansion of middle classes” (Tezanos),
accentuated by the social dualization processes, stamps on the social class
structure a grey zone (Parkin) between middle and lower classes, largely
depending on the social trajectory of origin. Strategies applied by agents to
reproduce and improve their social status were studied: they restructure
ressources (mainly, economic and cultural); they move geographically; they
change their lifestyle; etc. In order to understand the new dynamics and
concepts in the social structure, the paradigmatic case of Argentinean middle
classes is examined in this article.
Keywords:
drop in status, Argentinean middle classes, social mobility, social
status/condition.
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The governmental manipulations
opposite to the protest:
the educational conflict of 1992
Gabriel
NARDACCHIONE
Often the
studies of the social protest tend to give him an excessive importance to the
act of protest. The variables that explain it can be contextual (resources,
opportunities, cultural frames, etc), but the importance of the protest does not
yield. Nevertheless, in many cases, the protest is manipulated by successes and
blunders of the government, by absence or affirmation of certain policies.
The educational conflict, in Argentina, during 1992, demonstrate a) a weak and
relatively spontaneous actor, b) a conflict immediately after the lack of public
policies that channel a process of transformation of the educational system and
c) a decline of protest immediately after a governmental intervention orientated
to the application of an educational global reform.
In this work we will investigate on the influence of this "dark" aspect of the
protest, analyzing four modalities of intervention of the government of C. Menem,
during 1992: a) political negotiation, b) economic negotiation, c) rhetorical
manipulation of confrontation and d) rhetorical manipulation of consensus. We
will conclude on the multiple competitions of the governments to dissolve the
social conflicts.
Keywords:
Social protest
- education - educational unions - negotiation – rhetoric
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From desocupados’ movements to
cooperatives and
social economy in Argentina
Pía Valeria RIUS
This article
studies forms of work and militancy practices in desocupados' (unemployed
workers') movements (MTD). It compares the militants' and the non-militants'
conceptions of work observed in the same social milieu. It analyzes a textile
cooperative in the city of Berisso between 2003 and 2007. From an ethnographic
standpoint, the article explores the relationships established between members
and non-members, in particular, links between families, acquaintances and
vecinos (neighbors).
The analysis does not focus on the movement as political actor but conceptions
of justice, notions of work and economic activity. Political activities turn
into work. Work remains at the heart of representations of worthy
activity but encompasses new practices. Finally, the way discourse and the
spoken word are apprehended by members and non-members within the groups signals
a form of publicity supported by mutual, albeit fragile, agreements, through
which discussion emerges in the workplace.
Keywords:
conceptions of work, militancy, unemployed, textile cooperative.
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“How to name them”. Women, work, and media,
some conceptual approaches
Florencia
ROVETTO GONEM
In
this article we present a selection of studies about contemporary
transformations that involve women, work and the media that we considered of
interest for its relevance, links and scientific impact for the studies
generically refered as Women's Studies (WS). Here, we made an approach to the
concept of work as polysemous and ambiguous concept, object in itself of a long
and complex discussion in various disciplines.
We also discuss
the main
contributions of WS in
the field of social
communication and the specific
problems of women’s
work representation in
the media. Both
conceptualizations give visibility to the issues and current problematic related
to women and they allow focusing on the main roles starring by women in
contemporary societies.
Keywords:
Women; Work;
Mass Comunication; Women’s Studies; Feminism
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Accumulation and capital-labour
relation.
Deficient labour force reproduction (Western Quilmes, 2001)
Sebastián
P. SALVIA y Luisa IÑIGO
From
mid 1970s and late 1990s, Argentina has undergone deep economic change, which
can be described as a change in labour-capital relations of force. These changes
boosted the development of the contradiction between working class productive
abilities and the limitations to their realization implied by capital
accumulation process.
This article aims at describing the situation of the labour force in Greater
Buenos Aires; more specifically, in six neighbourhoods in Western Quilmes. On
the basis of primary and secondary statistical sources, the research has dealt
with the reproduction of productive attributes among working-class inhabitants
of these neighbourhoods, in comparison to the corresponding population in the
whole Greater Buenos Aires. The main focus has been set on the existence of
knowledge and abilities previously acquired by workers but that they did not
actually use in their jobs. For this purpose, we describe the relation between
work qualification and formal education among those who had at least completed
secondary school.
Keywords:
labour force, reproduction, accumulation, qualification, education
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The hard road
to be a nun: ¿an not regular Exorcism on Santa Catalina convent
during XIXth Century (Buenos Aires)?
Daniel SCHÁVELZON
During the rescue archaeological operations at the Santa Catalina
nuns’ convent on Buenos Aires, a pit was discovered. In it an iron figure with
diabolic reminiscence was fired and buried. The figure was an ornament from a
French sculpture; but what we fund was probably part of an exorcism ritual
developed on the central patio of the convent during the second half of XIXth
century.
Key words:
Urban Archaeology, exorcism, Buenos Aires, nuns, rescue
archaeology
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Rethinking juarista´s domination structure
throug the perspective of state violence
Celeste SCHNYDER
This paper
explores institutional imbrication process between political practices and
security forces to rethinking the non-democratical practices installed into some
sub-national political regimes. From the perspective of extra-centric
interpretations about periferic peronism and since case studies of juarism in
Santiago del Estero, this paper explores a national-catholic matrix conformation
into the provincial political field from which emerged the juarism and we
re-build provincial state re-organization during the first juarism to identify
increasing functions of political control that police will be acquiring. We
analized local historiographical investigations and bibliographical sources.
Keywords:
periferic
peronism – juarism – security forces – political practice.
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Knowledge "necessary" means the production
and social legitimacy.
The role of the university.
Rosana E. SOSA
This paper
intends to problematize the Knowledge Society and the dominant character who
takes it off the "educational needs", while wondering about what is the
rationale that underlies and gives meaning to the "necessity" of a knowledge and
other redundancy.
Our attention
is intended to be focused on the challenges that will make the public university
in this context and how it takes to be questioned in light of their own
traditions. Purposes two separate conditions are assumed to be both to
understand the "status quo" to think about some alternatives.
Keywords:
Knowledge Society - Needs Education - University - Ecology of knowledge
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The drought of 1937 in Santiago del Estero.
Antecedents and consequences of an environmental event
Alberto TASSO
During the
years 1935 to 1937 there was a significant drought that hit the arid and
semiarid regions of northwestern argentina, as well as from Mexico and the
United States. This note discusses the impact of this environmental event on the
economy and society of Santiago del Estero, which marks a before and an after in
its agricultural history. Until that year was consolidated on agroforestry model
emerged between 1880-1900, which combined obraje", la finca and peasant economy.
The great drought was followed two failed crops and cattle stock decreased
cattle and goats by 80%. This
had catastrophic consequences in a rural society, whose diet depended heavily on
their own production, most notably triggering famine in the contemporary history
of this province. Among
the many consequences of this drought, we study their effects on population,
economics and public policy. State
initiatives were sparse and late, and could not contain the problems of
thousands of families facing hunger and social deprivation. This
regional drama became a national dimension through the print and broadcast
media, which in the last months of 1937 initiated a large-scale solidarity
campaign. The
exodus has opened a path of migration to the industrial zones of Berisso,
Ensenada and Buenos Aires. The
drought has also spurred the construction of levees Los Quiroga (1949) and the
dam reservoir of Rio Hondo (1968). The
literature also included this issue as a symbol of peasant drama in the
collective imagination.
Key words:
drought / hunger / policies / solidarity
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Employment Promotion and Working Conditions:
Early Reflections on Different Careers within
the Domestic Labor in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area
Ania TIZZIANI
Social and
career mobility has been long one of the most important and frequent topics in
Latin American studies of paid domestic labor. In Argentina, the first
investigations focused on the aspects related to the migration from rural to
urban areas. In these studies, domestic service jobs were usually interpreted as
a first and transitional working experience that should lead to other jobs or
positions in the labor market. In the last decades, this interpretation has been
questioned by different studies showing the lack of or scarce mobility from
domestic service to other types of jobs or professions. This also would confirm
the observation that mobility occur within the domestic service itself. Based on
a qualitative research, the main purpose of this article is to analyze the role
of the domestic labor in the general working trajectories of women employed in
that field. The findings presented in this article suggest that many of the
women employed in domestic service remain most of their working lives within
this type of employment. By means of the analysis of their working trajectories,
this article reflects on those labor aspects related to the organization of
career mobility and its effects on the daily experience of work.
Keywords:
domestic service, social mobility, career mobility.
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Reflexions on de unions action-based
and job insecurity in the
Argentina industrial sector
Gabriela WYCZYKIER
This article
examines the based syndicalism actions and demands around the issue of job
insecurity that emerged in the industrial sector of the Argentinean economy in
the current millennium.
In
this orientation, the instability has been established as a form of socio-labor
integration of large segments of the population from the 70’s onwards in Western
economies, and in the 80 in Argentina.
In a scenario
characterized by the revitalization of the actors union and union-based
conflicts especially since 2004 in the country, we intent to assess in which
ways, with what attributes, capabilities and limitations, there have been
demands and conflicting actions around the job insecurity stimulated by
delegates and based workers.
With this
encouragement, we are concerned to observe how class solidarity links are
recreated within the working groups.
Under this goal, we present an analysis of three cases of based working groups
that have faced demands and actions around this problem: two in the food
industry and one in the metallurgical sector. In
the industry sector, and in these three cases in particular, the demands around
job insecurity have been directed primarily to deal with contractual
diversification that was installed in workplaces since the 90's to today.
In essence, workers with temporary contracts and to a lesser extent the
companies outsourced workers.
Keywords:
Precarious employment, demands and collective action, based syndicalism,
industry, temporary contracts, outsourced workers
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Early labor markets incorporations. Agricultural young workers in the Uco
Valley, Mendoza, Argentina
Gabriel I. BOBER
Melina NEIMAN
This article
deals with the different ways that young workers in the Uco Valley, at the
province of Mendoza, enter to the agrarian local labour market. During the last
decadas, the Uco Valley based its pattern of agricultural development in an
intensive business model of its three main crops: vineyards, orchards, and
vegetables. Currently, it is undergoing a process of profound restructuring of
production, mainly oriented towards foreign markets, which among different
consequences has modified the functioning of local labour markets.
In this
article, we referred to the different situations that lead to youngsters to
start working in this context, according to their age periods, the relationship
with the size and structure of their families, and the socio-economic situation
of the households to which they belong.
Also, the links
between household characteristics and the various ways youngsters start working
according to the type of task in which they can work, as well as the use that
they give to their labour incomes, is examined.
Using in-depth
interviews with young workers and key informants, we could account for
preferences of young workers towards different types of tasks, with particular
emphasis on certain occupations and the reasons for those preferences, and also
how they view their future careers.
Keywords:
Youngsters, agrarian workers, Mendoza, households
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The market places: also a work and socialization space.
Contributions for its study.
Mariana BUSSO
To contribute to an analytical perspective to study labor in public spaces,
particularly in market places, is the primary objective of this article.
Considering this aim, we presented market places as universal and historical
interchange spaces in order to display the reality of market places in
Argentina. A review of the main studies available on fairs, in sociological
literature in particular, and in social sciences in general will allow us to
specify the six dimensions that in our opinion are indispensable in the
understanding of urban fairs reality: physical-structural, sociodemographic,
legal /institutional, commercial, political and ideological-cultural. In
addition to this we present the indispensable variables for the analysis of
market workers, in order to conclude with the specification of the spheres that
intercross these spaces and the social and political consequences that derives
front these.
Keywords:
market places, public space, informal work, analytical perspective , Argentina
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Silvia CAPRETTI
Nowadays sport
represents a phenomenon of singular importance and complexity. In the last
years, the social sciences have been looking at sport as a metaphor for the
entire society. The aim of this article is to find new analytical tools to
better comprehend the diverse scenarios that sport is
taking under itself both in the modern and postmodern society. The
article shows the relation between sport and culture in order to understand how
sport reflects a wide range of social processes and how, at the same time, it
contributes to modify them. The central thesis is that sport, in all its
aspects, starts a dynamic in which the macro and micro social dimensions
co-penetrate each other in a full of meaning cultural practice. Its study allows
us to understand important aspects of society.
Keywords:
sport, culture, modern society, post-modern society.
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Critical reflections on work and workers in
Latin America’s studies
Marcela EMILI
Systematic
studies of Sociology of work in Latin America go back to a relatively recent
times, the Decade of the sixties. From early work until today topics and
approaches have varied, according to the pulse of the socio-economic changes
that occur in the region.
In this paper
we propose to perform a critical reflection of the theoretical and
methodological becoming who has crossed this discipline.
We consider as “satarting point”
the systematization made by three Latin American authors in the Tratado
Latinoamericano de Sociología del Trabajo (coordinado por Enrique De La
Garza Toledo): Francisco Zapata, Laís Abramo and Cecilia Montero.
Keywords:
Sociology of work, Latin America, topics and approaches, theoretical and
methodological becoming
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The State’s Process of Reform in Province of Buenos Aires during
Duhalde's First Government
María Cecilia ERBETTA
The principal
aim of this article is to describe the beginnings of the Provincial State’s
process of reform in the Province of Buenos Aires, which started with the law
11.184, during Eduardo Duhalde's first government,. This is, to study in which
way the context gives sense to the practices and speeches of its main actors, in
order to understand how an
adjustment policy coexists
with the arrival of new public funds of federal origin.
Keywords:
State reform - duhaldismo - Province of Buenos Aires.
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Development, environment and society in the Techint
group's managemental discourse
María Alejandra ESPONDA
In this article
I will analyze how preoccupations linked to the notions of development,
environment and social impact of large-scale projects have been incorporated in
a type of materialization of the managerial discourse in one of the most
important domestic economic groups in this matter –which also features
transnational relevance-: the Techint Group. On the other hand, the analysis of
a current conflic, regarding a real-estate mega project located in the lands of
the Ceamse (Municipalities Quilmes and Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
allows us to analyze a paradigmatic case of employers’ liability regarding
environmental and social degradation; the ways in which it was denied at the
present, alleging to be in the pursuit of "development"; simultaneously it
allows to view the conflicts and disputes that have rose between businessmen,
politicians and diverse sectors of the civil society.
Keywords:
development, environment, society, employers
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Strategies of Control and Labor Discipline
Nuria Inés
GINIGER
The companies have had more sophisticated strategies of control and labor
discipline. For this, they have made real Corporate Systems from which they
develop business policies in managing the work force and dissemination of
doctrine.
These Corporate Systems are configured in a conflicting
relationship between global and local processes.
The process developed by the steel company Acindar to
consolidate its Corporate System allows us to see how these tensions are
expressed and the range of that system.
Keywords:
Control, labor discipline, Corporate system
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Women’s daily rounds among public offices
Emilia Schijman y Jean François Laé
Based on a
fieldwork research in a social housing neighborhood of Paris periphery, the
article explores the women’s daily circuits around state offices. The analysis
shows the work in the counter as an everyday, individual and collective
mobilization, constantly and incessantly linking the domestic sphere and the
public sphere, the bureaucratic practices with micro policy and micro
politics. The activities of becoming familiar with the legal and administrative
categories, manipulating different regimes of request, gathering witnesses
together and accumulating written evidence, are part of an invisible though
essential work aimed at claiming rights and stimulating the economy of the
family.
Keywords:
Poverty, social rights, public housing, Paris suburbs
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Official statistics in Argentina. Useful
tools or obstacles
for the social sciences?
Javier LINDENBOIM
Every modern
country strives to have their own official records at their disposal in order to
respond to statistics-related definitions, guidelines and scientific criteria as
well as recommendations by internationals organizations of various kinds.
Usually, such
statistics tend to configure a high density framework because conceptually the
more isolated the indicators are, the weaker they become. In other words, almost
no indicator makes sense by itself nor can be generated if divorced from or
unrelated to the rest.
In this
context, the following text is set out to ponder over the relevance of the
existence and of the availability of economic information, as well as social,
demographic, etc., that is reliable, updated and historically comparable. It
does not constitute a text that’s exclusive to statistical sciences, however. It
is the intention of the present text to simply draw attention around the
relevance of public statistics not only for the mentioned academic purposes but
for the exercise of government administration in its various expressions and, in
a broader sense, for the numerous forms of social activity.
Keywords:
official statistics, Argentina, academic research, governance
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Productive Aging: The contributions of older people
from everyday life
Ivana MIRALLES
This article reflects on the productive activity of older people and their
valuable contribution to family and social development. It takes as example a
set of
labour life stories of elderly residents of the city
of Tandil, in which evidence an aging process characterized by various
activities that, do not necessarily translate into economic terms and, mean a
fundamental contribution everyday life of
families and the community. The biographical analysis of respondents highlights
many personal and social factors that influence the development of productive
activities in this phase of life:
trajectories and labour knowledges, occupational needs,
representations
of work, motivations, opportunities and social resources available.
Keywords:
Productive
activity, older people, labour trajectory, labour knowledges,
work representations, social resources.
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In search of the specific nature of
democracy in Argentinean provinces.
Discussion through the case of Santiago del Estero
Victoria
ORTIZ de ROZAS
In the field of
provincial politics studies, there is growing interest in the means by which
political forces have little or no chances at all of reaching provincial office,
or forming legislative majorities; as well as in aspects related to the lack of
independence of justice and of the media.
The political
space where the study is settled is Santiago del Estero, where the alternation
occurred only after an important social mobilization with demands of political
democratization in 2004. After five years in office, the ruling political force
governs almost the whole territory and political opposition is weak; while there
are still deficits regarding press liberty and justice independence.
Considering
electoral
processes
that took place since 2005, their form is described as “plebiscites”
and not as the struggle between rival political projects. Beyond elections,
limits regarding the possibility of building an alternative discourse to the
official are considered, explaining the role that the official control of the
information that circulates at the provincial level plays in this process.
Keywords:
Provincial political space- Democracy –
Electoral Process
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Interlocking directorates: a study of
corporate power
in today’s Argentina
Diego PAREDES
The aim of this
article is to analyze, through the interlocking directorates method, the
networks that are established between some of the highest revenues corporations
in Argentina.
Most of the
research studies focused on the analysis of large corporations are based on
economic indicators, such as studies on concentration of wealth. In the present
case, through the concept of social networks, we focus on the social relations
that are developed among big corporations in our country.
We observe that
the corporations studied represent a highly interconnected sector; in addition,
through network analysis, we give evidence that supports the resources
dependence theory, as well as the financial control theory: the
interlocks among corporations respond to the type of resources under their
control, in particular, the significant role of financial resources over the
others.
The firms were
selected from the Revenue Company Ranking published by the Mercado magazine for
the year 2005; we have added to the sample some of the most important banks that
operate today in Argentina and other four entities of supreme relevancy in the
economic system, with the intention of knowing their relationship with the rest
of the companies.
Keywords:
economic power, corporations, social networks, resources dependence, financial
control.
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Collective bargaining as strategy against non standard work.
A perspective from economic sociology
Gabriela A.
PONTONI
The article
analyzes how some collective bargaining actors made strategies to erradicate or
prevent non standard work, in its different concepts. From an Economic Sociology
point of view, these social actions are embbebed in the social structure,
although they remain outside a legal frame. However, actors and institutions
admit its existence and so they try to stop them by means of legal procedures.
First we
outlined the different meanings of non standard work. Then, we analyzed
postulates from Durkheim and Weber’s theories in connection with this
phenomenon. Afterwards, we showed the actors that agreed guidelines to fight
these problems. Finally we present the conclusions of this work.
Keywords:
collective bargaining, non standard work, economic sociology
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Notes about provincial autonomy on political
instability contexts
Cintia RODRIGO
This article
addresses the question of autonomy on argentine provinces in contexts of politic
instability. Two critical situations that took place in San Juan are taken into
account. Both of them were solved by impeachment, an alternative way to the
federal intervention. This article has two parts. First, a brief historical
review is made on the relationship of different levels of government in
Argentina, and its recent transformations. Then, the article considers the
principal characteristics of crisis situations in San Juan (1992 and 2002),
focusing in the
“take of position” of
different
actors.
Keywords:
autonomy-political crisis-levels of government-impeachment.
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On political stages
of
two centuries argentines
Ricardo SIDICARO
Different stages
of political development of two centuries argentines are analyzed by the author
considering interpretations of political actors and sociologists of each era
that centered the focus of interest in systems of power and modes of action of
the leaders of the State and political parties.Escuchar
Leer fonéticamente
Keywords:
Political parties, leaderships, ‘personalismos’
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Frente para la Victoria’s construction
of legitimacy (1988-1991)
Pamela SOSA
The principal
aim of this article is
to rebuild the
construction of legitimacy of the Frente para la Victoria (FPV) in Santa Cruz’s
political scene, from its born in 1988 to the rise to government in 1991. This
paper recognized
three types of construction of
legitimacy to replace declining traditional parties’s legitimacy: UCR, PJ, PI
and MID, between others. In this context, the FPV deployed legitimacy’s
strategies aimed at diverse groups and adding
referents of different parties trajectories. In second place, the discourses and
the conformation of the political elencos from the FVS tried to represent the
typical fragmentation of a society formed for several migratory segments.
Finally, the FPV made a new a-political parties offer in keeping with the
representations about the crisis of state during middle 80’s, in which values as
management, efficiency, order, work and governability played an important role.
The FVS’s legitimacy strategies show how the first stage
of political power construction was a effect of its trajectory in the
boundaries of weak social and politics groups.
Keywords:
Frente para la Victoria - Santa Cruz- legitimacy strategies
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Souls on Sale: Notes for a Theoretical Debate about
White Collar work
in
Multinacional Enterprises
Diego SZLECHTER
Second World
War caused the disappearing of older life styles in western world. One of the
reasons of this phenomen relies on drastic changes in the occupational structure
in western world, especially in the US, which result in a new middle class of
managers that emerged from colleges who became big bosses in corporate America.
Those salaried managers questioned the idea of a homogeneous salaried class in
the Marxist way due to the expansion of players such as bureaucrats,
professionals, who doesn´t deplete in a dualist or dichotomist explanation of
society. Labor studies about managers are framed into the debates around the
transition from fordism to posfordism or from mass production to lean
production. These discussions used to relegate to a secondary roll the issue of
the transformations in the identity and subjectivity at work. We stress in this
article that work engage a fundamental roll in the configuration of identity.
This postulation opposes to most optimistic forecasts of the so called
posfordism, which regard the world outside work as one that outweighs world of
labor. The intention of this article is to inquire, on one side, the way Social
Sciences in general and the debates around Middle Classes, Sociology of Work and
Organizational Sociology in particular, the issue of managerial work and on the
other side, which contributions make bibliography in this field in order to
clear up what kind of subjectivity corporations promote to their middle
management and what implications carry on their everyday work. Therefore, we
introduce 3 fundamental debates who have plowed the road to try to elucidate
this issue: the debate about qualification and competences, the labor culture
perspective and human capital theory.
Keywords:
management work, human capital, competences, labor culture, corporations
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Subjectivity and labour: management
as government device
Marcela ZANGARO
For already
time, the academic production placed in the sociology of the work and in the
organizations theories registers clear interest respect of the contributions
that Michel Foucault's analyses allow to realize to the explanations of the
relation subjectivity - labour. This paper recovers the last Foucault´s
contributions linked with the concepts of practice, technology of the self and
government. This recovery points to hold that management can be understood as a
device that articulates subjectivation practices proposing to the individuals
ways of action on their own selves. To consider the management from this
perspective allows to extend the traditional vision that of it there have the
psychology and the sociology of the work. Those mentioned perspectives focus it
from a knowledge-power that establishes principles that define and control a
knowhow to do. Those principles operate as set of obligations imposed on the
individuals from out themselves, heteroimposed obligations on the
workers. To consider the management as a technology of the self allows to extend
this approach provided that it considers, besides the obligations that the
management imposes on the individual as technology of production - comunication-power,
the obligations that the individuals impose on themselves, autoimposed
obligations. This analysis is based on the investigation of the ideational
meanings proposed on texts of management.
Keywords:
Subjectivity Labour Government Foucault
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Early Colonial Urbanism in Republica
Argentina:
Archaeological
Contributions
Ana Igareta
Argentine archaeology traditionally has been focused on the analysis of
prehistoric societies;
just recently and in a smaller proportion historical
problems and sites captured their attention. Urban development during the
colonial period was a subject little boarded by the archaeologists, despite the
intensive analysis other historical disciplines dedicated to the theme.
Recent archaeological investigations evidenced the great informative potential
of cities created and destroyed during the century XVI, whose morphology clearly
diverged from the classic regular model and had significant influence in the
later structuring of the urban system.
Keywords:
historical archaeology – colonial cities
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Patrimony Statements, Tourism and
Local Knowledge
Folklore Studies Posibilities in Quebrada de Humahuaca Fairs Case (Jujuy –
Argentina)
Liliana
Bergesio y Jorge Montial
Quebrada de
Humahuaca is set in the central portion of the Jujuy Province (Northwest of
Argentinian Republic) and it has been inhabited approximately by 11.000 years.
In 2003 this region was declared “Cultural and Natural Patrimony of Mandkind” by
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
From that date the cultural and adventure tourism circuits development
increased.
This statement
gave new impetus to Quebrada de Humahuaca in the national and international
tourism market. And the rise of the latter in the area generated each little
town to look its own alternatives to attract visitors. The most common
strategies include fairs and festivals seeking to highlight particular
characteristics.
In this study
we will analize the case of Coctaca town (Humahuaca department), and also an
eventa being done there in febraury, wich includes “Flavors of History” fair,
the “Andean Women Meeting”, and the “Serenade to the Cultivation Terraces”. The
objective of this study is to raise the possibilities that studies of folklore
provide inside topis as the local and the global, culture and economy, the
producers and their products and tourism with its demands and expectations.
Keywords:
patrimony, local/global, tourism, folklore
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An exploration about the state dimension of
the (probably) politics rules to the Argentina’s provinces (1976-2001)
Pamela Sosa
This article
has as it principal aim to explore
the impacts of states change since ’70´s middle in Argentine onto the
interaction and action structure of political provincially stages and its
influence to provincial actors characteristics. It focus in the influences on
the provinces to tree changes state dimensions: the reconfiguration of relation
ship between nation and province since commence new structure and functions of
provincial and national public administrations; the qualitative changes in the
origin and composition to the province incomes. Finally, it analyzes the
heterogenic impacts in the provinces, especially in the local development, of
the new structural economic profile and governmental regulation. This paper
holds a thesis: the changes states mined a des monopolistic and des states
process that made a new stage of interaction to political provincially actors.
Keywords:
provincial politics; State weakening; State reform;
political parties; political structure; globalization.
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The labour theory of value and the
question of its validity in the context of the called ‘post-fordism’
Nicolás G.
Pagura
The purpose of this article is to go through the explanatory validity of the
marxist theory of value in the light of the changes that are produced in the
capitalism after the crisis of 70's, when a regime of accumulation an regulation
- that many authors have named "post-fordism" - is progressively established
(especially in central countries) with important differences regarding the
dominant since the post-war period. The main thesis defended is that a great
part of the trends anchored in the transformations operated on the system of
production of hegemonic cores of the international capital - since the service
economy to the new manners of management and training of the labour forces - put
in question the concept of "abstract labour" that was in the base of the theory
of value in its classic formulation by Marx, making necessary the critical
review of this theory.
Keywords:
Post-fordism,
labour theory of value, Marx, abstract labour
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Gramsci and worker´s councils.
Discussions about
Revolutionary Potential of Unionism
Julieta Haidar
In the interaction between unions and capitalist society
there is a dialectic relationship (Hyman, 1978) that has opened a group of
questions in the area of theory and socialist practises. Those questions are
about revolutionary potential in unions, development of worker´s conscience,
reach of “revolutionary spontaneity” (espontaneísmo), relationship between union
and revolutionary party, among others.
On this work we
try to explore the position taken by Antonio Gramsci about these topics in
general and revolutionary potential in unions and workers councils under
capitalist social-formation in particular.
We will revise (from
Hyman´s work) the visions of Marx and Engels, Lenin, Michels, Trotsky about
unions in capitalism. We will contrast then with the position supported by
Gramsci about this topic: The experience of Turin factory councils (1919-1920)
first, and the time after their defeat then.
Keywords:
Gramsci- revolutionary potential- unions- worker´s councils- capitalism
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The struggle against the
privatization of YPF in Tartagal and Mosconi. 1988-1991
José Daniel
Benclowicz
This paper
analyzes the struggles against the privatization of YPF in Tartagal and Mosconi
(Salta province), between 1988 and 1991. Those struggles were very important,
and concluded in September 1991 with a popular rising, one of the first in the
country against the neoliberal policies. The study of those protests indicates
the existence of a combative tradition between the oil workers, where the left
sectors played an important role. Besides, it indicates that the support towards
the privatization of YPF of the pro-government union direction in the region
occurred despite an important opposition inside and outside the union.
Keywords:
Tartagal y Mosconi, Privatization of YPF, Workers´ struggles
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A Constructed
Profile of Farm Workers in Florida State,
USA
Andrés Correa García
The following article is a
constructed profile of Farm Workers who come to work in the State of Florida in
the United States. This article presents some basic observations and
measurements concerning their economic and demographic characteristics.
Furthermore, it illustrates how these workers are structuring their labor
trajectory when they work in a foreign country.
Key words:
Cultural Integration, Labor Trajectory, Farm Worker, Migrant Worker
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Pierre Bourdieu and the social
fact religious. Analysis about his work and appropriation since historical
and ethnographic work
Mariana
Espinosa
This article
reflects to the texts of Pierre Bourdieu that take under study the social fact
religious. We propose thinking about the possibilities of an analysis
sociological and anthropological which the notions bourdieuanas enables for the
study of different worlds empirical, other than those concerning the field
catholic we find in their texts of sociology of religion recently published in
Spanish (2009). I pretend do this task in two analysis. First, I report to
three texts about sociology of religion of P.B. ([1971] 2009; [1971] 1991;
[1975] 1985). Here examine how P.B. adds to the discussions of the classic
sociology and the linguistic saussureiana an analysis relational and
disposicional. It is noted in the three texts the co-existence of a concern
epistemological and a sociological search in this regard. In the second part,
through two empirical research (historical and anthropological) we analyze two
modes of retention fecund of Pierre Bourdieu’ proposal, we leave to one side the
limits and scope of his notions for we will approach to the proposal of the
french sociologist.
Keywords:
Pierre Bourdieu – social fact religious – empirical research
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A comparative
experience on classification of
unemployed people and receptors
of conditional income transfer programs
Pilar ARCIDIÁCONO,
Laura PAUTASS y
Carla ZIBECCHI
In the last years,
certain strategies to overcome the unemployment have been implemented in
developed countries and in some countries of Latin America, based on the use of
classification methodologies. Such methodologies divide the population in
different groups according to their
employability
conditions and in terms of their relationship with the labor market.
Among these strategies there is the “Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services
System” which was created in developed countries in order to reduce the
individuals dependence on the unemployment insurance. Also, in some Latin
America countries a series of conditional income transfer programs have been
enforced, which are disconnected from the active policies of employment.
Therefore, in Argentina the classification between “employable” or “unemployable
and vulnerable” was used to divide the receptors of the “Unemployed Head of
Household Program” (Programa Jefas y Jefes de Hogar Desocupados).
The article performs a case comparison between both classification methodologies
focusing on the philosophy that supports these strategies and the consequences
that emerge when subjects are classified on their employability conditions. For
this reason, a review of the literature, based on domestic and international
researches, and of the official information available about the different
strategies was carried out. Finally, the article refers to the limits and scope
of these measures and to the importance of reconsider some of their central
aspects. Regardless the variety and the way they are implemented in different
countries, the article reflects on the risk of establishing labor courses in an
irreversible way.
Keywords: “policies against unemployment”, “stigma”,
“employability”, “classification methodologies”, “labor market”, “labor
courses”.
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Practice and Business Strategies
for the Reproduction of the Domination in the Works sauces.
Methods of Control over the Worker in the Automobile Sector.
Marcelo
DELFINI
The
structural transformations which Argentina undertook in the last thirty years of
the Twentieh Century, have impacted overwhelming the world of labour giving way
to the precarious flexibility of work conditions. These transformations became
part of the mechanisms and strategies of control which capital possesses in
order to give continuity to the productive process. The issue developed in this
article is in the framework of those studies which take as given that the
history of capitalism can be seen as the history of the ways which it controls
labour. These question undertaken placing emphasis on the analysis and the
labour spaces taking as a reference the automobile sector. In this respect, the
objectives will be, on the one hand, to establish the ways to exercise control
which allowed a process of overexplotation of the work force to take place in
the automobile sector and on the other hand, realize the ways that to assume the
control to start of the reflexion over the practice that make own workers. The
business strategies can be seen as a measure of the methods that goes from those
of a coercive nature to those whose strategies of domination can be based on the
application of business practices which obtain the consent of the workers in the
production process. For the development of this work were analyzed diverse work
spaces of the automobile sector, we collected information by workers of the
firms.
Keywords: control, consent, production process, business strategies.
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Ralf Dahrendorf: A Critic and Analysis of the
Implications of his Eclectic Class Theory
María
Celia DUEK
In this article we seek to explain and criticize Ralf Dahrendorf´s class theory,
that intends to integrate marxist and structural-functionalist approaches and
thus “overcome” marxist class theories.
In the descriptions that this author offers of the “poscapitalist" society of
the XX century, everything leads to demonstrate the inefficiency of the marxist
theory in explaining the new social conditions and the lack of relevancy of its
strong concepts. His “class theory”, besides tending to underestimate the power
of the “dominant class", paradoxically commits to a dissolution of the concept
of social class.
Our present interest for Dahrendorf´s theses, formulated half a century ago, is
based in that they have constituted an important source of inspiration for an
entire stream of current thought that promotes the abandonment of the old “hard”
categories and it promotes the displacement of theoretical interests toward
problems more according with the “new” reality
Keywords: Social classes - Dahrendorf – Marxism- Class Theory
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Southamerican Migration in Italy. Labour
Market Effects.
María Andrea GRASSO
South American
are neither the most numerous nor preoccupant migrations for the Italian
government. Maybe that is the reason why they are not the most studied ones.
However, since the seventy decade, South American economies- one day mainly
receptives of inmigrants-, turned into emigration countries, being Italy one of
the first chosen destiny to live.
This work try
to find out what kind of work the immigrants do, in what way they do it, and
which contribution they do for Italian economy. The developing of this work was
triggered by the Nord Ligue advertisement for 2008 political elections. In this
advice, there was a Sioux Indian and the text said: “they suffered immigration
before”, in reference to the immigration negative effects.
My interest was
to analyze these socio economic effects, limited to our subcontinent population.
This investigation is based on a personal experience of one year as a
researcher, a flexi-worker, an Italian of second generation, and a person
involved who was in an informal net of contacts.
It is
identified the existence of complementary effects in the labour market which
include different types of market entrance, labour trajectories and
characteristics of work. For the principal segment it is identified different
entrance barriers related to the process of typification of ” the other” that
inevitably leads to exclusion.
Keywords: immigrants, labour market, segmentation, conflict, Welfare state,
flexicurity.
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The bodie’s metabolization in advance
capitalism
María Inés
LANDA y Leonardo Gabriel MARENGO
The article
inquires, in a critical sense, the status of the category “body of work” in the
context of accelerated and profound social-structural changes that underlie the
emergence of the new business contexts in Latin America. The argumentative key
focus on/in: 1) management`s practice specificity as social regulation devices,
and 2) the new logics that caracterizes human work’s metabolization process in
advance capitalism. According to this analytical track, the texts outlines some
of the methodological, theoretical and political consequences that represent the
profound redefinition of productivity and disciplinary parameters in actual
work’s scenery.
Keywords:
Work, body,
management, business, advance capitalism
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Considerations on the Contrains in
Conceptualizing Rural Poverty
Mariela
BLANCO, Silvina ALEGRE y
Dora Isabel JIMÉNEZ
In this
paper we try to show alternative approaches to poverty in order to overcome the
dichotomic classifications between poor and non poor persons and households.
Eventhough the main concern of the article is not related to social policy, we
aim to establish useful concepts for active social policies.
In order to validate the theoretical arguments with field data collection, we
analyze the economic, social, labor and institutional dimensions of rurality in
some departments located in Santiago del Estero and Corrientes provinces,
considering articulated variables that go beyond strictly agricultural issue.
Keywords: rural poverty, rural households, reciprocity, socio-labor dynamics,
habitability’s perception.
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The Consolidation of
Santiago del Estero´s State (1903-1916)
María
Mercedes TENTI
The work is framed within a larger research of the formation
of the Santiago del Estero’s State since the family Taboada lost their power, in
1875, to the arrival to office of radicalism in 1916.
This stage,
which I call the consolidation of state belongs to the final period in
which the provincial government outlined in the late nineteenth century, began
to strengthen as the result of the arrival of a new intellectual elite, that
focus their business on the state organization.
It is possible to identify a better definition of the
state and the strengthening of institutional projects, how ever related
to personal interests of the intellectual bourgeoisie linked to agricultural and
commercial activities, inspire by the positivism. New challenges such as an
increasing urbanization and social ills to name some, awaked the need to
exercise more social control, that translated into a leading position of the
ruling bourgeoisie from office, and new roles that strengthen the State and its
role. The State as fundraiser perfected its mechanisms while projected costs
through budgets and the enactment of tax laws in order to compensate, in part,
the material backwardness of the province. Administration’s organization was
improved. The hypothesis that is sustained is that the consolidation and
modernization of the state, although there was a higher resolution in the field
of political decisions, in the mechanisms of socialization and incorporation
persisted forms of practices, with more features duration, combining dynamically,
therefore, factors of continuity and change.
Keywords: State -Santiago del Estero – public polices - elite - bourgeoisie -
modernization
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The Reaction
of State Trade Unions to Neoliberalism in Argentina (1989- 1995)
Santiago Duhalde
This paper realizes, on the one hand, a review of the process of structural
reforms that was carried out in Argentina during the first government of Carlos
Menem and his consequences for the state workpeople. On the other hand, it tries
to describe and to explain some of the reactions of the labor unions that
represent these workpeople - especially the Asociación Trabajadores del Estado -
opposite to the advance of the neoliberal politics: principally the creation of
a new trade union, alternative model to the hegemonic one, of democratic and
combative character. This way, it tries to detach a series of characteristics of
this new model that nowadays is consolidated. Finally some reflections on the
political present context in Argentina from 2003 and his incidence for the
current strategies of the state labor unions are showed.
Key words:
State labor unions - Trade union model – Union democracy – Neoliberalism
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To remember/to narrate the juarismo. The
Federal intervention
to Santiago del
Estero in April 2004
Mariana
Godoy
This piece of
work explores the relationship existing between the nation and the provinces by
dealing with the operations through which the Government of the Federal
Intervention (FI) to Santiago del Estero in April 2004 aimed to build some
notion about the deposed juarista regime, by means of the narration and
historicity of such past time and the construction of a self-image as a source
of its own legitimacy.
I deal with the
memory issue in the field of the social practises from the analysis of a
document previous to the Federal Intervention, the law of Intervention to the
province, the profile and the professional experience of the Federal Interventor,
the various ways of solving the social demands, the lawsuits against the most
emblematic members and leaders of the regime, the dismantling of the repressive
police structure, the removal of the titles given to the Juárez and the
reactivation of the Government Offices. In order to achieve this I make use of a
national and local journalistic and documentary source focusing my attention on
the first days of government.
The nacional
executants when ‘administering the past in the present’ or when administering
the present from a speech about the past, will constantly ‘face’ and ‘evoke’ the
Juarism and will seek to transform it, dissolving materially and symbolically
some of its most emblematic structures, and putting it under diagnosis with
great technical content to submit it to high legal proceedings, separating it
from the strictly political field.
The
institutional, the republic, the democracy and the Human Rights were included
in the discursive aspect of the legal field. The Juarista State survived during
the last years due to its simbolic vitality and the FI made the most of this
resourse in the first days of government. The semiosis of the Juarista State put
the Juárez couple as center, model and paradigm while the FI characterized
itself as the perfect antinomy: They had to be absolutely different from the
Juárez, opperating by antithesis.
Key words:
Past stories, memory, historicity practices, legitimacy, nacion provinces
relationship.
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The role of
protest in political crisis: Case of
sanjuaninos governors fall of.
Cintia
Rodrigo
This paper
explores the role of protest in two political crises that took place in San Juan
province since last democratic period. The notion of crisis implies an
interruption, a discontinuity of political exchanges routines’. Such
interruptions have reflected in two impeachment processes. As result of both
processes, two governors were removed from office by the legislature. Those were
attempts to solve conflictive situations which had devaluated governors’
authority. Studies on processes of impeachment, most of them refereed to
presidential impeachment, have shown the relevance of protest as a significant
issue. This article brings into account protest actions that took place right
before the impeachments’ demand. This approach addresses the impact of protest
over political crisis occurred in San Juan province.
Keywords:
Political crisis- protest-San Juan-Impeachment
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Oligarchy and Presidentialist
Regime in Latin America.
Ricardo Manuel Ginés Reinoso
This paper
explores the relations betwen the social, political and economic structure of
latin america and the Constitutional Presidentialist System established in its
countries.
Departing from
three societals matrices, wich are a general explanation for the social
formation and constitution of Latin America, we have constructed a bridge betwen
Oligarchy and Presidentialist system in an attemp to reach this aspect of Latin
America democracy framework.
We adopted the
concept of oligarchy as “a domination mode”, being an especial way to
exercise the power by differents social groups, but the term “Oligarchy”
is not refer to any social class or particular groups by per se.
This method or
manner of exercise the power stems directly from those societals matrices, and
we provide elements to accept that the Presidential system is functional to
oligarchic forces since Latin America Nations have arisen, untill today.
The oligarchic
domination mode beyond the social and economics structure, is the cause, of
many, for the imposition of this constitutional system.
In the present,
showing this reason, the system has become in the new institutional clothes that
oligarchic forces wear (in ages that only accept goverments join in a
relationship with the notion of formal democracy), especially since 1980’s with
begining of the end of dictatorial goverments of latin america.
Key Words:
Oligarchy, Constitutional Presidentialist System, Societals Matrices,
Democracy, Latin America.
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The Childhood in the social issue:
between medical power and legal knowledge.
(Córdoba, mid-twentieth century)
Elinor Bisig
In this article
we analyze an explored little field from a sociological-critical perspective, in
the social and juridical construction of the childhood. On the academic
production from the University of Córdoba, Argentina. We worked on two
paradigmatic documents, a thesis presented to achieve a PhD on Law and Social
Sciences and a psycho-pathological, medical and criminologic study elaborated
during the middle of the XX century, that treated thematic nucleus from the
social issue and the concern about delinquency, that came with important
modifications on the urban reality, the changes that brought the new century
with the immigration and the new speeches of the metropolis that were imported
as emergent: the hygienism, the criminology, the criminal anthropology and other
positive sciences, that will article with the project of national construction.
From this new perspectives will be configured the abandoned-delinquent childhood
and new institutions for its protection and control will be formalized.
Keywords:
Childhood - biopolitic - academic discourse - Córdoba – Argentina
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The meaning of choosing and the experience
of doing it.
A
socio-anthropologic study about evangelists at Santiago del Estero-Argentina.
Mariana
Espinosa
This article
approaches to the evangelical problematic through a socio-anthropological point
of view taking account of life stories and the results of evangelical
cults ethnography. This paper is divided in two complementary parts. First,
through a balance between life story and trajectory notions we
make a description of evangelical personal perceptions and valuations in order
to know the choosing possibility conditions for evangelical church.
Second,
ethnographical work allows dealing with agent’s sociability in process of
conversion. To do that, we will approach to an anthropology of experience.
Searching into the use of liminary notion, in the study of agent’s
experience, we show the cosmology “world” and “child of God” and how this
cosmology changes at diferents scopes and social referents.
Key Words: Evangelists – Life story – Trajectory – Liminary – Santiago del
Estero
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Gino Germani: Teaching and Research
Franco Damiano
This article pretends to develop conception of
sociologist Gino Germani about sociology’s teaching, paying special attention to
its relationship with research.
Trough an exhaustive revision of his texts, we seek to
reconstruct, on the one hand, the diagnosis of the state of sociology in
Argentina, before its institutionalization in 1957 and on the other hand,
Germani’s strategy to implement such institutionalization.
In order to achieve this goal, this piece of work will
develop the identification of processes and confrontations which hinder the
establishment of a scientific sociology, as well as the means and conditions
necessary to its development (together with the new confrontations this requires).
The revision of problems and his suggestions to
resolve them, despite the changes suffered in the last 50 years, allow to
observe the persistence of certain processes which continue affecting the
conditions and the teaching method, and which reinforce a teaching method
disconnected from research, with a verbal character and under the domain of
knowledge repetition.
Key words:
Gino Germani; Scientific Sociology; teaching; research
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“Me alegro de
que por fin hayas visto a Rafa ayer”. The Use of the Spanish Compound
Perfect in Prohodiermal Contexts: the Case of Santiago del Estero, Argentina
Ilpo Kempas
In this article, we aim to consider the
prehodiernal (‘before today’) use of the Spanish Compound Perfect (Pretérito
Perfecto) by informants from Santiago del Estero, Argentina. The city and the
surrounding province are located in a South American area characterized by its
frequent use of the Compound Perfect in the aorist aspect instead of the Simple
Perfect (Pretérito Indefinido), including the prehodiernal contexts, i.e. prior
to the day of utterance. The empirical data are based on an elicitation test
made in the above city, the results of which are considered in relation to those
of another test carried out previously, related to attitudes towards the
phenomenon studied and to the actual use of this tense in the above contexts (Kempas,
2002). The results show the presence of a high degree of linguistic
consciousness and security regarding the prehodiernal use of the Compound
Perfect, as well as a high frequency of use. Furthermore, a strong polarization
can be found in the target population in their choice between the regional usage
and the national standard.
Key words: Spanish compound perfect, prehodiernal,
grammaticalization, Santiago del Estero, Argentina.
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Becoming a researcher in an
intercultural context:
the paradoxes of
new intellectual craftsmanship
Fernando Galindo
This essay addresses the question ¿how do we become
researchers in a social context characterized by the crisis of the nation-state
and the configuration of a more plural social society? It compares how one
became a researcher before and after this transitional period. Considering this
emerging social context identifies and describes some paradoxes of the practice
of knowledge production and intellectual craftsmanship. It concludes with an
invitation to reflect on the research act as a crucial and urgent task.
Key words:
intercultural context, old and new intellectual craftsmanship, paradoxes of
research practice, reflexivity
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Labor flexibilization and informal
mechanisms of labour markets regulation.
A study in
the Argentinean film industry.
María
Noel Bulloni Yaquinta
The article
explores on some subjects of a research on the social regulation of work in the
argentine film industry. With the intention to catch the complexities which
characterizes the regulation of project work, the study on purpose questions
those scopes where, in agreement with certain post-fordist
literature, the social networks operate like informal mechanisms of regulation.
Nevertheless, unlike this literature, it will be put in evidence that this kind
of regulation is constructed within the rules that govern labour and capital
relationships.
Key words:
labor flexibilization, projects, labour markets, Argentinean film industry
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Union strategy and political action. The
different experiences of two Argentine
unions of
the electrical sector
Ana Drolas
This article
tries to contribute to the interpretation of the union models and the
explanation of its strategies and actions. For it compares the attitude and the
behavior of two unions of the electrical sector had against a same event that is
the privatizadora attack that ahead took the government in the decade of the 90.
The hypothesis
is that the political tradition, the relation with the political power and the
State and the internal mechanisms of participation, obturate or allow arbitrary
driving of the leaderships. In this sense, the characteristics that assume each
of these dimensions will give life to tendentially more representative unions
or, on the contrary, to tendentially bureaucratic ones.
This article is
part of an ampler investigation than investigates about the construction of
representation in the spaces of work and their impacts on the construction of
action strategies.
Key words: Union strategy, political positions and representation,
participation
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New technologies in organizational management
of telework
Paula Lenguita
The research
explores the transformations labor resulting from the use of new technologies in
organizational management of telework, as a result provides a critical analysis
of the magazine in the subject, between 2002 and 2005.
Keywords: telecommuting, labor organization, press
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Work and
family: working children’s contribution to
home social reproduction
María Eugenia Rausky
The rol played
by working children in the workframe of social reproduction strategies in the
homes of poor people is the aim of this article.
Emphasis is
here placed in analysing practices and representations of children and their
parents vis-avis said phenomena.
It is most
frequent that work done by children is carried out in family contexts.
Due to this
fact, we focus not only in the child, but also his family, making observations
on work organizative process, and the place the work done by children has in the
generation of both financial and non-financial income sources in the homes of
the poor.Observations are also made in the significance associated with this
practice as well as on the impact in family relations made by the fact that
children also cooperate in home social reproduction.
Taking into
considerations these points, we decided to do the investigation with an approach
of the qualitatative type.
Field work was
made in 2004 and 2006 in a neighborhood with structural poverty features,
located in the urban peripheral area of La Plata . There, we selected a total of
home units showing situations involving children work, and we worked in depth
while making interviews with the working children and their parents.
Keywords:
child work; social strategies of reproduction; poverty.
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Carting:
¿A work or rather a chance to earn some money?
Corina Aimetta
This
article is part of a wider study, the general scope of which is to look into
conceptions of what work means from the point of view of workers and
identify work strategies used and social ties related with different working
activities. In this respect,we make a comparative study of two activities
executed by independent workers: the cart drivers or carters* and the
independent construction workers. Both fields have a strong presence in “Barrio
Esperanza”, a neigborhood of Gran La Plata, the conurbation of La Plata, where
field work is made.
Methodological
approach used is a qualitative one. In said approach , we are producing
observations as well as partly structured interviews and informal conversations
with carters, maily adult men.
This time we
present some reflections elaborated on the questions arised during the
investigative process when approaching the neiborhood carters and the academic
bibliography, as well as the press and several State documents ( Programs, Laws,
Rules, etc.), related with said themes. We question on what is the sense the
carters themselves give to the activity they make and how said activity is
visualized from other social agents. We consider in this respect that in both
cases the stress in placed constantly in the cathegories work/ chance to earn
money or work/non work.
Key words:
labour precariousness - carters - familiar strategies of reproduction – poverty.
* “Carreros” That is to say
cart drivers or carters. That is the word used to call themselves by persons who
dwell in “ Barrio Esperanza “ and pick and sell material to recycle .
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The
political sociology of Émile Durkheim between
1892 and 1897: the State like
appendix of
the social morphology and political action
Graciela
Inda
Key words: -
Classic sociological Theories of the State - Émile Durkheim - Period 1892-1896-
Social Solidarity- Social Coercion
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Local goverments and development: a case
study in Argentina
Mónica Páez
Local
authorities are important agents in any local development oriented process.
Therefore, its attitudes, interests and perceptions become very relevant issues
in the study of these processes. Starting off from these bases, this paper
presents a proposal of analysis based on the results that the Fiscal
Austerity and Urban Innovation (FAUI) survey threw for Argentina. This
international survey is oriented mainly to the analysis of styles of leadership
in the municipal authorities, based on a representative sample of mayors in
cities of 10 thousand inhabitants or more, minimum size so that it exists
diversity and groups mobilization and local associations.
For this
particular study, oriented to the analysis of interests and attitudes that could
favor
or not local development, the variables selected were: Alliances, supports
received; Interaction with other actors; Influence of social actors in budget
definition; Answer to the demands of different groups; Management Priorities;
Priority in government actions; Ideology and attitudes. In general terms, the
results demonstrate, on the one hand, a stress between the new models of
management related to a leader-administrator and those leaderships associated in
Argentina to traditional policy. On the other hand, an imperative that derives
from socioeconomic situation: palliate poverty effects. Leading to generate
appropriate conditions for development is not perceived, in general, like a
priority.
Key words:
Local development – Municipalities – Interests and attitudes
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Sociology and autobiography
Bernard
Lahire
Autobiographical texts should be treated critically given autobiographies with
their "rhetoric of the self" (in other words, the idea of authenticity and truth
about oneself). It becomes impossible to use an autobiography as an object of
study or as data for study without a radical challenge to the myth of
authenticity. In order to utilize autobiographic texs as interpretable data, the
sociologist should obtain information about the extratextual contexts (scholary,
political, religious, domestic ones) corresponding to different moment in the
narrative trajectory as well as about the moment when the writer talks about
himself in order to understand which are the cultural presuppositions and
historical cathegories of perception of the author in his "saying" and his "scenary
setting".
Key words:
Oneself writing, auto-analysis, extra-textual contexts, myth of
authenticity, frames of language, critique of sources.
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Software factories in Spain:
organisation and division of labour.
A
comparative view of fluid work in contemporary societies.
Juan José Castillo
Key words: New
international division of labour, Software developpers, knwoledge work, value
chains, CMMI, Spain, India, software factories, workflows, fieldwork, software
management
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Neoliberalism and union
organizations resistance 1989-1995.
Beliefs,
Memory and tradition in the Congress of Argentine Workers.
Enrique
Andriotti Romanin
This research
aims to investigate the emergence of new organizations in the area Argentine
association in the context of neo-liberal policies of the early 90's. On this
occasion, from the emergence of the Congress of Argentine Workers (CTA).
In the first
part, presents the existing discussions in the literature regarding how to
interpret the emergence of CTA, and the changes and disruptions that this
expresses, in order to highlight the importance of considering the beliefs and
customs of the past to create the CTA leadership as a dimension explaining the
decision to form a new union.
In the second
stage discusses beliefs and representations of the past that will sustain the
leadership that founded the CTA to move towards an explanation to understand
that the path chosen by it. The methodological approach is qualitative, through
in-depth interviews with leaders and through secondary sources such as reports
and interviews with leaders of
the CTA.
Key words: Beliefs – Memory – Neoliberalism – tradition- Unión organizations .
From the strike to the
“pueblada”. Politic culture and frames for the collective action:
The case of
ATE in Neuquén between 1990-1995
Fernando
Aiziczon
In this paper I
introduce an analysis of the main actions of one of the combative syndicates of
Neuquén: The State Workers Association (ATE). My intention is to point out some
outstanding features of the 1990-1995 period that then mark the emergence of a
politic culture of protest of which ATE is one of the main characters.
I concentrate
on the first actions of the period, in resistance to the state reform carried
out by the local government (in general, mobilizations, strikes, acts in the
streets), then I focus on the “pueblada” of the city of Senillosa (1994), marked
as the first collective action of these type accompanied by the state syndicate.
This episode
was the immediate of the well-know and emblematic “puebladas cutralquenses”
(1996-1997).
For the
analysis of the phenomenon I use the concepts of the political culture of
protest and cultural frame, trying to the articulate then in a critical way.
Key words:
collective action, culture politic, strike, “pueblada”.
To resist in the name of health.
An analysis of the experience
of the
“Cuerpo de Delegados” of Buenos Aires subway’s service
Cora Cecilia
Arias y Victoria Haidar
This article
try to reconstruct a period of the confrontation that has been developing in
Argentina since 1996, approximately, between the “Cuerpo de Delegados” of Buenos
Aires’ subway’s service worker’s and the dealer company, focusing the analysis
in the way the “Delegados” used the topic of health in discourse. Using
interviews and discourse analysis we tried to understand the role of health and
security question in the strategy developed by the union’s representatives to
improve worker’s labor conditions, expand the employment and recover the rights
that have been expropriated to workers.
Key words: Occupational Health, Discourse, Union’s strategies
Global and local tendencies in the
new models of production and labour organization.
Notes for a dicussion
Juliana
Frassa
In our country
during the last two decades the crisis and future of production models have been
object of strong academic debate. More than a decade after the beginning of
productive restructuration process, it is necessary to review critically the
theories about new productive models in contrast to the current reality.
This article
deals with a critical revision of the productive model’s definition and its
principal theorizations. In second place, it asks about the way that global
tendencies presented in the organization of production and work are expressed
and adapted to local context. The article raises two main questions: Which are
the premises and productive orientations states in these new models? and, In
which way these tendencies are articulated with local reality?
Finally, this
work presents some reflections about the relationship between competing
strategies adopted by firms at international level and the characteristics of
production and work assumed in our country. The article also points to the
necessity of creating new theoretical frameworks capable of describing the
particular productive configurations of our region.
Key words:
productive model, productive reconstruction, heterogeneity, enterprise
trajectory
Recent transformations of work
processes: from automation
to
information technology revolution.
Pablo Míguez
In this article
the changes in the processes of work in Capitalism are analyzed since the
“automation” after the Second Postwar period until the present time. Our work
proposes a revision of the teorizaciones on the changes produced in work
processes, changes in the organization of work and “automatization” as changes
related to information and communications new technologies.
The article
pretends to understand the relevant technological changes in the recent phases
of capitalist development as its effects on work conditions being emphasized the
social character, not only the economic or technical one, of the transformations
in course. For that reason the different recent critical approaches are
analyzed, emphasizing their strongpoints and also their weaknesses for the
understanding of the productive changes of end of century XX and beginnings of
century XXI.
Key words:
Automatization, Technologies of the information and communication, Conditions of
work, Immaterial Labour.
Review the sex division of family’s work.
Aspects theorists and empirics
to the
interpretation the family’s models in the northeast argentine
Vanesa
Vazquez Laba
In the context
of the studies about the relationship between the labour world and the daily
life, the research proposes inquire into the female work’s social construction
processes and her impact into the familiar organization. The cases of study are
two: citrus worker’s families of Tafì Viejo city at Province of Tucumán and the
tobacco-grower worker’s families at Province of Jujuy, Argentina. For it, it
proceeded to describe and analyze the rural worker’s familiar composition; the
reconstruction of women’s labour trajectories and of her families; the revision
of survival strategies at unemployment times; the identification of social
representations about female work and the reconstruction of the social world,
that it organizes around the citrus and tobacco activities –both productive
activities with preponderance at the region under study.
The
theoretical-methodological style adopted had taken to make complex the research
questions, including new subjects and positions. Also, it has provoked the
comparison between two study cases. In this way, to the comparative analyzes add
the richness of demonstrate the specialities about female work and the family
ties in the two agro industries most important of de nor-west of this country.
Key words: Family, Labour and Gender
The hierarchial structuring of the
fruit labor market: Chileans and "norteños"
in the Alto
Valle of Rio Negro
Verónica
Trpin
This article
centres on the presence of rural workers on productive lands destined for the
fruit-growing on the Alto Valle of Rio Negro.
There are employed and residing families of migrant rural workers or Chileans
descendants and temporary "norteños".
In the spaces destined for the plantation of pears and apples, acquaintances as
"chacras", from the ethnographic record there were analyzed the diverse workers
who are inserted as workforce.
From the decade
of `90,
the drop of the Chilean migration and the expansion of temporary migration
relates to the reproduction of a hierarchy in the labour market fruit: Chilean
migrants were located in places that involve some skill and recognition, while
temporary workers and women are embedded in the most precarious, justified by
valuations reproduced by other workers and employers.
The "norteños"
form a part of the territory of the fruit-growing as workers of "second"
stigmatized like "thieving" and with few "culture".
It is concluded that the definitions of the category of rural worker is not
homogeneous, but this crossed by the dynamics of capitalism today,
the trend being
reaffirmed of considering to the ethnicity as a resource that operates in the
selection process.
Key words:
rural workers, migration, fruit-growing
Young
telephone agents of call centers offshore in Buenos Aires
Andrea
del Bono y María Noel Bulloni
The
article explores on some subjects of a research on the labor experiences shared
by two groups of young telephone agents who offer telephone attention services
from platforms of call centers offshore located in Buenos Aires (Argentina) to
Spanish and North American clients. With the intention to catch the
heterogeneity which characterized these workers experiences, the study on
purpose questions the different logic of actions that contribute to their
conformation, trying to explain the relationship between these logics of actions
and the individual and collective behavior of the workers in relation to their
work.
Firstly, the article states that the change of status that starting to work in a
call center represents is deeply tied to the diverse labor trajectories of the
telephone agents, with their professional perspective and their social and
cultural capital. Although the experiences of the telephone agents are
heterogeneous they are threaded by variables of little recognition and low
identification to their work.
This situation weakens the construction of solidarity and collective
strategies of action and, at the same time, it encourages the telephone agents
to identify themselves with other scopes of life, distant to their work, which
allow them to sustain a more positive image of themselves. Nevertheless, the
paper arguments that this kind of job has an unquestionably important place in
the life of this young people. This importance is related to the hiring terms
that the call center provides: a law binding permanent contract, which allows
them to develop other personal projects. The article also examines the
instrumental rationality that prevails in the form in which young people are
related to their work, even though when they keep relating their wok to their
freedom and the perspectives of the different aspects of their private life. In
brief, the results exposed in the article reflect a kaleidoscopic and quite
heterogeneous image of the labor experiences of the call centers workers, which
argues and makes complex the most spread characterizations.
The
trade union’s complex action plot: ATE and UPCN’s
cases.
Nicolás
Diana Menéndez
This
paper proposes a comparative analysis of the internal dynamics that constitutes
trade union’s action in the two national organizations from public sector
workers: ATE and UPCN. The principal axes we want to discuss are, in the first
place, the horizontal and vertical relationships established in each trade
union. Secondly, the different kind of bounds generated between each
organization and its militants. In addition, in the third place, we will
approach the struggle strategies, to observe finally the way in which the
dynamics of their own action and the dispute between trade unions interact and
are superposed.
We use a qualitative methodological approach, making in depth interviews to
leaders and union delegates, as well as to workers and public administrators.
Processes of flexibility and outsourcing. An empiric study in the
refinery La Plata Repsol-YPF
Leticia Muñiz Terra
This article attempts to offer some elements to understand the processes
of flexibility and outsourcing developed in our country. In this way, the
principal questions that guide the research are: Which are the particularities
of the flexibility process implemented in Argentina together with the new model
of accumulation in the 90s?, What
characteristics acquired the processes of outsourcing of the big national public
companies that were privatized?, and Which were the consequences for their
workers?
To answer to these questions we
developed an empiric study in the refinery La Plata from the ex-public petroleum
company Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales. The principal objective is to study
the policy of outsourcing developed in the company after their privatization and
the consequences that this strategy had along the years on the small enterprises
conformed by its workers.
Recovery factories as expression of the
acquired practice in the field of work.
A
case study in the Gran Buenos Aires
Verónica
García Allegrone
Part
of the surveys of recovery of factories had interpreted this process as
modalities of new responses of the unemployed workers front the unemployment, as
a result of the “crisis” that had place in Argentina in the last years.
Several surveys had registered the radical and rupture shape that this process
had taken, and consider them an alternative to the capitalism, an alternative at
the unemployment. If well understand the significance of the structural
transformations in the analysis, we consider important to complete this surveys
broaching the mode that operate life’s experiences that the workers acquiring
on the work field, in the practices and social representations that evolve with
the recovery.
In
2003 we started to fallow the experiences of the workers in an autopart factory
in Gran Buenos Aires that was recovery in 2002. We based our research in a case
study. In the first part of the
article, we present the construction of the claim for work and the arguments
that the workers have been made about the factory crisis. We wonder how they
arrive to appreciate the claim as “rightful”. In the second part we reflect
about workers life experiences, that they used as tools to recovery the factory.
Labor
and relational trajectories
of professionals of multinational companies
in Cali, Colombia.
Johnny
Javier Orejuela
It
is known that, the labor flexibility
affects negatively, fundamentally to the less qualified populations,
the
young workers but or but the old ones and with less networks of sociability;
what is interesting at the moment is that these processes of precariousness
of the work begin to also affect of different way and in less proportion, but
perhaps single so far, to the professional groups. By
the previous thing, the objective of this investigation was to characterize the
labor and relational trajectories of EMN professionals. The
present study of case, I constitute myself with 11 interviews in depth to
professionals of the multinational sector. The findings allow to understand the
existing relation between the labor and relational trajectory, its mutual
affectations and their importance to understand present the dynamic ones of the labor
market.
Key
Words: Labor
Trajectory,
Social Mobility, Symbolic Capital, Labor
Market,
Labor Flexibility.
A
sociological inquiry upon the literary field.
The rules of art by Pierre Bourdieu.
Ana Teresa Martínez
In this paper, we dwell upon Pierre Bourdieu’s contribution on sociology of
literature. We develop the main literary
field notion features, exploring the ideas of relative autonomy, nomos
and illusio. We also remember several sides about the concept
of field elaboration process,
as Pierre Bourdieu thought it. Finally, we examine the epistemological questions
he tries to resolve as a social topology or analysis situs.
Key words.
Literary field/Pierre Bourdieu/nomos/illusio/social
topology
The blank
page block. Sociology as literary gender.
Carlos Virgilio Zurita
A sociologist`s work becomes
apparent, and takes form, through writing. This is something that everybody in
the academic world knows and suffers. In order to demonstrate that one exists,
you must write. Students, both under-and postgraduate, must give evidence of
their institutional, and even personal, life and activity, in the form of
papers, articles, theses, and even
books.
These notes explore the
frontiers and terrain where sociology and literature meet in the realm of
practices. They critically examine the supposed reasons why the problems of
writing rarely figures in social science curricula in Argentina (or even Latin
America as a whole), and go on to highlight some of the potentially negative
implications this situation has academics` professional and personal
development.
The
institutional process of the academic sociology in Argentina (1955-1966)
Alberto Noé
In this article the historical and social conditions of creation and
development of academic sociology are analyzed in the University of Buenos
Aires, in the period 1955-1966. The founders actors is also characterized:
institutional actors, socio-political actors and individual actors, especially
through Gino Germani's intellectual and academic trajectory, and the internal
and external conflicts until the crisis of 1966, taken place by the coup by the
general Juan Carlos Onganía.
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Roots of socio-economic thought. The labour division
on Adam Smith, Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim.
Liliana
Bergesio
In these days, revisiting the called “classic”
authors’ work becomes relevant because the central topics focused by these
masters models´ pioneers have been reframed and inform the current debates.
When this kind of themes appear, we meet again the theoretical questions faced
by these authors and the knowledge about their concepts increases our own
understanding about contemporary questions.
This article draws on Adam Smith, Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim´s ideas
about labour division to reconsider this basic issue in human sociability. As
this kind of analysis has not been a frequent topic in Social Sciences, I invite
the reader to a debate in order to highlight its potential.
Key words: labour division – Adam Smith – Karl Marx – Émile
Durkheim
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To
study outlier fields.
An essay about the conditions for a profitably use of Pierre
Bourdieu’s theory of field.
Ana
Teresa Martínez
In
this work we develop our theoretical and epistemological grounds to read and
make use of the Pierre Bourdieu’s theory. Then, we review the difficulties
exposed by several Argentineans authors to use his concept of field to study the
local intellectual world. We propose them an exercise where we use this theory
to study a outlier field: a cultural association in Santiago del Estero 1920-30.
We pay attention specially on weakness and dependent conditions of this social
space.
Key words: intellectual field, Bourdieu, Santiago del Estero
(Return to Abstract
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Interpretation of the discovery of “Chaco-santiageña”
civilization by the Wagner Brothers:
temporality in the theory and existence of the subjects (archeologists).
Beatriz
Ocampo
This work interprets the archeological discovery of the
“Chaco-santiagueña” civilization by the Wagner Brothers, in the province of
Santiago del Estero, at the
beginning of the XX th. century from the theoretical perspectives and from the
own history of the authors.
Travellers, naturalists, explorers, botanists, archeologists, Emile and
Duncan Wagner belonged to the French aristocracy; they developed an intense
scientific life, as well in Argentine as in Europe, particularly in France.
The “diffusionist”” theory served these authors as an
interpretation framework of the temporality of the “Chaco-santiagueña”
civilization. According to the latter and to the analysis of the symbolical
representations printed on pottery objects and by means of the use of the
comparative method, they affirmed the paralelism between Trya and Hissarlic.
From this interpretation the “Chaco-santiagueña” civilization emerges from
a Great Basic, Universal and Timeless Civilization.
My interest lies in incorporating this discussion about the theorical
interpretation of the Wagner Brthers to the use they realize themselves to speak
about themselves as subjects, living in a world far from their native country,
France, and from its culture.
Key Words: “Chaco-santiagueña” Civilization, Diffussionism,
Universal, Basic and Timeless
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Education,
School and Centenary.The case of Santiago del Estero.
María
Mercedes Tenti
The centenary anniversary of May Revolution’s, turned into an
opportunity to 'construct" a collective memory, that would contribute the
consolidation of the national development model back then. However in every
local territory, beyond the national strategy, each province celebrations had
particularities, according its own characteristics, leading characters and
regional cultural guidelines.
Beside those local particularities, in every case, the school played a
preponderant role as a legitimization strategy. The purpose of this research
paper, just a brief part of the PHD thesis, is to investigate Santiago del
Estero´s own characteristics (including its Capital and other cities) during
the centenary anniversary, analyzing school role in different scenarios.
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Theoretical
meditate around the study of the labor conflict.
The processes of social construction of resistance.
Juan
Montes Cató
In the last years it seemed that the labor conflict
has restored the place that historically it had within the analyses on the work
relations. Some advances in the study of the variation of the confliction
testify this phenomenon. Nevertheless, still the investigations are little that
approach the dynamics of the labor conflict in the spaces and concrete places of
work. This second field supposes to solve a series of problems: what dimensions
can be distinguished at the time of studying the actions of workers , it reaches
with characterizing the moment of expression opened of the action to give
account of the phenomenon, what paper plays the symbolic dimension in the fights
between the capital and work? Starting of these questions, the article crosses
the main traditions and proposes tracks for an analysis of the labor conflict
like social configuration submissive processes of daily construction
Key words: labor conflict, resistance, relations of the work, theory
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The
exaltation of the worker's weakness as historical singularity of neoliberal
capitalism.
The case of chain Coto supermarkets
Paula
Abal Medina
In this article the notion of power dispositive is applied to the study
of relations between capital and work in the Coto supermarket company. Two
central points are presented: firstly a multiplicity of power practices that are
part of the different elements of the company dispositive are described and
analysed. Secondly the question of the subjectivation of the capital and of the
general and singular main line, that defines the studied relations.
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Crisis
of the work and workers' management.
Collective dynamics of management
in recovered productive units in Argentina (1996-2006)
María
Mercedes Patrouilleau
This paper sets out to analyze the collective dinamicas
of management in productive units that have been taken by their workers in last
decade in Argentina. The metodological boarding identifies three cases of
recovered companies by a qualitative aproch, using semi-structured interviews
and observations in spaces of factory and administration. The work tries to
identificate logics and the underlying difficulties to these collective
managements and his relations with structural conditions (resources of inversin
and technologist), collective organization and subjective conditions.
(Return to Abstract
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A
cycle of struggles stared in by the Sanitary Work Union of the Nation
(Argentina, 1974 – 198
4)
Ana
Nuñez
This article rescues and
describes a cycle of struggles stared in by the Sanitary Work Union of the
Nation (Argentina, September 1974 - August 1984), that has been an unobservable for the dominant bibliography. The
conceptual conflict periods, its unfolding and resolution by the water and
plumbing service municipalization in an intermediate city (process that has also
been avoided by literature, in front of the different forms from privatization),
allows to enter itself in the genesis of a political institution.
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Relations
and specific practices of a group of cardboard
pickers in Buenos Aires
Débora
Gorbán
In the last years Argentina has experienced the
growth in the number of people who live of informal recollection of waste. Known
as cirujas first and cardboard pickers (cartoneros) later, the peculiarity of
this activity resides in their conditions of visibility and exhibition that
characterised the work space in which it is developed. In this sense, we
consider not only the street as a place where this labour activity is carried
out, but also other spaces in which this labour practice is developed. In this
paper we analyse the relations and specific practices of a group of cardboard
pickers that arrive every day from their districts in Buenos Aires province, to
Capital Federal, where they make the recollection. Our
objective is to identify the of significant social spaces constructed by them,
taking into consideration their labour activity. To begin with this analysis we
considered space in its “material” connotation, focusing in the spaces that
emerged as central in our investigation. In this work we understand social space
as a set of meaning and communication relations, that is way we studied the
configurations that this relations take in each empirical space; the relations
and practices that take place in them and how these ones could converged into
specific social spaces. We follow a qualitative methodological perspective,
using as research tools in depth and structured interviews with cardboard
pickers of Jose Leon Suárez, and participant observation in its neighbourhoods.
(Return to Abstract
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Vitivinicola development in Mendoza,
Argentine. Notes on its origin
Patricia
A. Collado
The present study approaches the origins of Mendoza’s economic
development, by means of Schumpeter’s theory about the dynamical behavior of
elites, according to Hugo Nochteff’s interpretation (for Argentina and Latin
America).
In this respect, we characterize the particular way in which Mendoza’s
local bourgeoisie leads a process
of adoption of policies tending to establish an agroindustrial model, seeking
for the innovative parameters that, from our point of view, contribute to
understand this regional development as expressly induced by the economic and
political elite. We trace the principal policies that cooperated with this
regional development, because they were orientated to improve access and
availability to land, credit and investments in the sector, and also
infrastructure, incorporation of labor force and the development of science and
technology, all in order to serve of the new model.
We try with this study to
collaborate to uncovering the current situation of 'revival' of the wine-growing
activity, this time in the frame of the context that rules the globalization and
that takes advantage of the installed capacities and the available resources
that the model generated in the beginnings of the XXth century.
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The
active policies of use for the Latin American group in Spain
Francisco
Sacristán Romero
The
active policies of use for the Latin American group try to contribute to the
increase of the incorporation possibilities and labor maintenance of these
workers so related to the Spanish culture, combining, at the same time,
flexibility and security in the use. In
addition, in macroeconomic terms, the selective performance on the supply and
the demand, with measures such as the promotion of the deprived initiative, the
aid to mobility to sectors with sufficient demand or the direct creation of use,
allow to reduce to the imbalances or misalignments in the work market.
(Return to Abstract
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Local
Development and Types of Productions: opportunities for the small
productions
Raúl
Paz, Ramiro Rodríguez y Viviana González
Considering that the
local rural development can has a productive activity as base of its
maintenance, it’s strange not to ask about which are the intrinsic
characteristics that those types of productions should have for contribute to
local development. This aspect acquires major relevance for its analysis
specially when It’s found associated to rural poverty as much as small peasant
production. In this context, results useful to reveal the inforce cultural
contents in everyday productive life; in one way or another, in their
significative construction, are engaged, an important part of the local
producers. The central argument that will be present through all this article is
the existence of invisible components in the everyday working of the types of
productions, carried out by the small producer, that have influence in a silent
way on the possibility of success – or failure- of a local development
project. The analysis will take place in the Rio Dulce irrigation area of
Santiago del Estero province – Argentina. In this region, in 1987, a
Non-Governmental Organization began a Development of Small Goatish Producers
project and it’s until today the place where a group of initiatives from
different organizations and institutions are still adding.
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Labour
scene of Latin America in the frame of neoliberalism
Irma
Acosta Reveles
In
this article I have wanted to delineate the central trends from labour scene of
Latin America in the frame of neoliberalism, as well as the domineering
perceptions concerning these processes. I have centered in the aspects of major
meaning for wage-labor in their insertion to the economic cycle from the sale of
the labourforce. The aim is to show that the different dimensions that include
the relations between capital and work they have been change thoroughly, and not
also in a level of the labour market; nevertheless that is this one the
space that has deserved main attention of analysts and politicians. The
proposition is that the origin of changes that they have been express in
circulation sphere it will be find in adjustment substantive from mechanism
extraction of the surplus value (inside productive process), and the results is
the reformulation of traditional standards from the distribution of social
wealth between the productive factors.
(Return to Abstract
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Argument and narration in
the scientific report
Is there truly a frontier among the text 'scientific' and the one that doesn't
seek to be it? The article tries to shorten the imaginary breach among the
scientific prose to the literary one. Beyond their specific differences, it
shows their common areas, not only given by the demand of composition of a text,
but in the argumentational search and until in the moment to begin to
write.
Through
authors of methodology manuals, and of the dispersed one mandatory enunciated by
different writers, some of the significant moments are identified in the task of
the report of an investigation. After analyzing some cases of narrative in the
social sciences, some cooperation forms and mutual use are pointed out among
those who practice the writing.
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Microenterprises
in the urban economy of Santiago del Estero
Ramón
Antonio Díaz
Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Argentina
rad@unse.edu.ar
In
this paper, the contribution of microenterprises
to the urban economy of Santiago del Estero, is analyzed under a comparative and
descriptive point of view.
In
the beginning, on the basis of Censo Nacional Económico 1994 data, the position
of this segment of entrerprises is compared with other provinces of NOA region,
and with the national average, taking into account variables as employment,
income and wages. In addition, the concept of productivity is also considered.
The
study is extended along the decade with EPH data, in order to meassure the
effects of 1994-95 crisis and subsequent growing cycle in urban
economy, on microentreprises performance in terms of salaries evolution and
dynamic of employment.
At
last, it is included an evaluation of impacts produced by the convertibility
colapse on microenterprises workers households, according to povertry and
indigence increments.
(Return to Abstract
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Critical
comments for the FAO’s land use planning model
in the Mexican context
Medina
Sanson, L., Anaya Garduño, M.,
Ortiz Solorio C., Volke Haller, V. y Pérez Farrera, M.
Universidad
Autónoma de Chiapas, IRENAT,
México
medina@colpos.mx,anayam@colpos.mx
The land use planning is a model postulated by the FAO, focused to the
development of the rural population and to guarantee the long term availability
of natural resources. Nevertheless, many land use planning methods have been
ineffective because they do not consider the objectives of the users nor those
of the governments. In Mexico, the index of population growth and environmental
deterioration makes indispensable to develop procedures for land use planning
that agreed with the specific limitations, potentials and resources. In this
sense, it is important to review the reach of FAO’s
planning model, in order to glimpse favorable strategies and actions in
agreed with the social and academic Mexican reality . Considering these issues,
it was critically revised the FAO’s model and it was recognized as critical to
equilibrate: objectives and perspective of communities, governments and of the
technicians; necessities of research, human resources and available materials;
attention to biological necessities and cultural necessities; production of
goods and protection of resources.
Index
words: land use, land use planning, rural development Mexico.
(Return to Abstract
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Areas of frontiers
Chaco-Salteña
Fernando Ariel Bonfanti
Alejandra Torre Geraldi.
Facultad de Humanidades
Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Argentina
fernandobonfanti@yahoo.com.ar
The present investigation work has as objective to
identify the problems that contain the frontier spaces, specifically
in the frontier Chaco-salteña, with the purpose of knowing its cultural and
socio-economic characteristics.
We begin considering that a distinctive feature of the
areas of frontiers is to imagine them as complex spaces where interact
constantly towns with marked cultural, economic and social differences that
transfer him own activities.
And where the daily
coexistence is not necessarily translated for the local population in a shared
identification or "border identity", but rather the own dynamics of
the daily interaction can outline close contacts and conflicts.
(Return to Abstract
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The
labor trajectories and strategies of
families in contexts of poverty
in the Great San Juan (Argentina) through a study of cases
María Luisa Graffigna
CONICET-Universidad
Nacional de San Juan (IISE-FacSo)
mllg@arnet.com.ar
The
structural transformations that took place in the last decades marked notably
the trajectories of numerous families. In particular the changes in the labor
market –more flexibility, more precariousness, unemployment- make that the
access to protected and relatively steady employments –a characteristic
feature of the Welfare State- is a goal difficult to reach. The situation is
still more difficult for the families in positions of economic and social
fragility, whose members in general possess scarce qualification and habitually
they operate in the informal labor market.
In this
frame, the present article seeks to characterize the labor trajectories and
strategies of families in contexts of poverty in the Great San Juan through a
study of cases.
The
study was developed by means of a qualitative strategy in a context of discovery
that allows to give account of the perspective of the actor. The cases belong to
homes of the Great San Juan whose election was guided for the search of
diversity in labor category, gender, age; and with the criterion that they in
any moment of their labor trajectory present situations of fragility or
vulnerability to the poverty.
From the considered cases
we built five ‘kinds of trajectory’ basing us in the criterion of poverty,
labor trajectory, educational level, ruptures and continuities. We starting from
these types characterized the labor strategies in each one of them later.
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Configuration
of subjectivity in employed and unemployed workers in Biobío, Chile
Areli
Escobar S.
Universidad de Concepción, Chile
hualpenterra@hotmail.com
The transformations in the organization of work in contemporany capitalism have
also provoked changes in the configuration of the subjectivity of the employed
and unemployed workers in the services sector in the Biobío region in Chile.
The co-opted involvement in the organization, the postfordist estrangement,
usurpation of creative and imaginative abilities, the imposition of a social
imaginary of work, and the individualization processes are some examples that
highlight the metamorphoses of subjectivity in the current world of work.
Key
words: work, unemployment, subjectivity, social
imaginary, identity.
(Return to Abstract
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A sociological
workshop in action: Actes of the Recherche in Social Sciences
Loïc
J.D. Wacquant
University
of California, Berkeley-El College de France
Traducción: Javier Auyero
Sociology Department at Stony
Brook, SUNY
javier.auyero@stonybrook.edu
In
the article is examined the significance of Actes of the Recherche
in Social Sciences (ARSS), one of the publications of more important
social sciences of the world and that it was founded more than thirty years ago
by Pierre Bourdieu. The purpose of ARSS was to promote the internationalization
of the social studies in France, overcoming national divisions. Although it was
assumed like a review that privileged the scientific thing above the
intellectual thing, their pages have been open to the conceptual and
methodological innovation.
The
existence of four main thematic nuclei is pointed out in the review: i) the
economy of the cultural goods, ii) the social classification and the production
of collective social, iii) the dominance strategies, distinction, and
reproduction, and iv) the study of practical, powers, and intellectual
predicaments.
(Return to Abstract
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(Return to Abstract
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Street
Children. A
theoretical model of social class.
Aungusto
De Venanzi
University of Maryland-College Park
augdeven@telcel.net.ve
Gisela
Hobaica
Escuela de Sociología
Universidad Central de Venezuela
Two
approaches have predominated in the study of street children. The first,
concerns the reasons that drive children to the streets and the conditions in
which they endure their existence, with particular reference to the strategies
they use to guarantee survival. Observation and ethnographic methods are
typically used in this form of research. The second, is focused on the policy
designs put forward by different types of public and private organizations to
care for street children and the evaluation of these policies. The methodologies
used are various types of impact assessment. In this article we look at street
children from a theoretical model of social class according to three dimensions
of the children’s way of life: a. Their position in the division of labor; b.
the cultural context in which they develop and their processes of identity
construction and c. their social action strategies. We argue that this approach
gives a more comprehensive view of street life experience and emphasizes the
role of children as social agents actively engaged in the construction and
exploitation of social capital.
(Return to Abstract
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Personalism or anarchy
Alejandro Auat
Departamento de Filosofía
Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Argentina
aauat@uolsinectis.como.ar
One of the most acute observers of Santiago del Estero’s reality,
Bernardo Canal Feijóo, has guessed a tragical destiny for our political life
when, in 1932, placed in this terms –“fulanismo” (personalism) or anarchy-
the understanding key for ‘santiagueña’ civil soul. We don’t believe it
is a tragedy but a drama: there are limit situations but going out too, there is
liberty and novelty in history. Liberty acts always within a possibilities
framework, drawn by past actions and options. Many times, what really matter is
not the option but to make the conditions for an option. The point is not to
change “fulanos” (Mr. so-and-so) but to bring them a possibilities framework
to modify their functions. Today’s challenge in Santiago del Estero is to
modify the political logic.
(Return to Abstract
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José Aranda
Editor de Economía de El Liberal
jaranda@elliberal.com.ar
The economical crisis, which hit
Argentina during 2002, had strong effects in the economical activity and the
employment of Santiago del Estero. The population of the two principal urban
cores of the province, Santiago (the capital) and La Banda, is around 338.761
people. In May of 2002, the oficial statistics said that 203.934 people were
living under the poverty line.
Perceptually, this number shows
that a 60,2% of the population had not enough money to support their family
spents like clothes, public services, transportation, etc. Between these people,
there were 94.176 people who had not enough incomes to support the basic basket
of food and not enough money to pay their basic needings, too.
In October of 2002, another
official statistic, showed that more people were pushed under the poverty line.
In that month in Santiago/La Banda the poor people were 205.800 persons, 66% of
the total population of this two cores. And the indigents were more too. In this
situation were 102.900 people, 31,7% of the total population. This numbers show
that in 5 month of 2002, a total of 10.590 people lost a social position and
became a poor or -in the worst case- an indigent person.
(Return to Abstract
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The
forestry industry of the province Santiago del
Estero- Argentina.
The exploitation of quebracho colorado in Argentine
and Latin American.
Raul
Dargoltz
Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, CONICET
The Forestry Industry constituted the principal
economic activity of the Province from the end of the nineteenth century until
well into the twentieth century. The exploitation and extraction of wood was the
means of the integration of Santiago del Estero in the expansive cycle of agro-
exportation, but with very limited multiplying effects in the interior of the
economy and the Provincial Society.
The effects of the exploitation for the
development of the Province at the social and economic level, for the most part
negative, are generally known, as also the totally unbalancing impact on the
ecosystem of the Province.
At the beginning of the century, Santiago del
Estero had an extension of 143,484 square km, according to data provided by the
Office of Geodesia y Tierras, and about 70%, that is nearly a million hectares,
was forested. At present, it is calculated, as no official inventory of forests
exists, there that is less than 700,000 hectares.
According to the figures provided by the
Provincial Direction of Forests of the year 1947, more than 170,000,000 tons of
wood had left the forests of Santiago, corresponding to a very substantial
monetary equivalent.
Some years before, in the middle of the 1940s,
two tannin factories were established in the Province, one El Bravo which later
became Weisburd, Department of Mario Moreno, and the other in Monte Quemado
(Copo), pertaining to the Compañia Tannina
(COTAN); the stable towns which later grew up around these factories were
graced with brick-built houses, electric light and running water.
These factories, built up under the direction of Israel Weisburd,
Noguerol and Sanchez, foreign immigrants become businessmen, were obliged to
submit to the rules of a monopolist market dictated by the powerful
multinational firm La Forestal del Chaco which controlled the buying and selling
of tannin for around a century. From 1960, when the Quebracho forests of the
Chaco Argentine and Paraguayan region were totally devastated, La Forestal
abandoned all its factories and their installations to continue with the
exploitation of Mimosa in its African colonies.
As a consequence of this action, Weisburd and
the COTAN of Monte Quemado, were unable to place their excellent tannin products
and were obliged to close the factories.
It is from the second half of the 1950s after
the passing of the national law 13,273 of 1948, which the Province adopted, that
there arose a series of educative, technical and regulatory organizations. Among
these we can mention the Forestry Engineering Faculty, the Forestry
Industrialization Institute, and the Forestry Districts, afterwards converted
into Forestry Cooperatives, which tended to rationalize of the exploitation of
the natural recourses and the social promotion of the minor actors of the
system.
It is from the time of the dates mentioned
above that, in some important regions of the Province, the misnamed “forestry
industry” began to cede space to non-traditional products (parquets, doors,
windows, beams etc.). This happened with the formation of Forestry Districts,
today converted into Forestry Cooperatives and some private enterprises. During
the period 1979 to 1981, these Forestry Districts succeeded in producing 120,000
tons of wood, a significant figure, which converted them into industrial firms.
More than 500 families earned their living from them, supported by the
Provincial Government of General Cesar F.Ochoa during the military dictatorship,
begun in the year 1976, which permitted the provision of carpentry
by direct selection without public bidding,
in the construction of economic
housing by the Provincial Institute for Housing and Town Development.
This help of the military government which
contrasted with the attitude of the democratic governments which succeeded it,
was implemented through credits of privileged promotion, subsidies and the back
up of the Province, which allowed the Forestry District to acquire modern
machinery which is in existence to the present time.
These new organisms produced a great
transformation in the “forestry industry”, changing its methods, which had
been destructive of the forests, to a process of industrialization on site of
the recourses of the forest, a reforestation plan and the conservation of the
natural recourses.
The old, almost feudal, relationship of
forestry workers was abandoned, axe- men and the old axe- man pariah were
converted into industrial workers earning salaries with decent dwellings social
security, education, established townships etc. There was a veritable planning
of industrial advantage of the forestry and the human recourses in the Province,
and these facts, even though of relatively short duration, left a notable mark
in their zones of influence.
The period in which we centre our investigation
has not been sufficiently investigated, and it is necessary to analyze and
interpret it for the great historical importance, which it had on the economic
and social development of the Province. And above all, for the possibility to
change the historic destiny imposed from the outside which converted Santiago
del Estero into a great sawmill, producer of sleepers of Quebracho Colorado for
the English and French railway tracks and the fuel to feed the locomotives and
also the provision of the posts for the great farms of the humid Pampa.
(Return to Abstract
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Marx’s
Contributions to Rural Sociology and the Analysis of Agrarian Structures
Miguel
Murmis
Universidad de General Sarmiento
murmis@mail.retina.ar
Among
the founders of sociology, Marx is the one who paid closest attention to the
analysis of rural processes and their relationship with the rest of the society.
He provided a systematic approach, both in his analysis of agrarian structures
and in his understanding of their relationship with the rest of society. I
believe that in the sociological bibliography it is not possible to find a more
complete analysis of agrarian issues.
To
build a systematic theory, to think it as a theory of a moment in the historical
process, to situate this moment in history in its whole, including within it the
future and the steps to take in the present to get closer to a more desirable
future, to use theory to define social agents and see them in action in concrete
situations, to do all this taking advantage of the existing knowledge and
fighting with it, with what is offered by the emerging economics, by history,
biology, rural sciences, classical literature, philosophy: All this was part of
Marx’s everyday work and is present in the books in which he focuses on rural
processes, their structure, history, their place in society.
(Return to Abstract
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The Process of Knowledge
in the Theories of Marx, Durkheim and
Weber:
The Thesis of Radical Discontinuity
Celia
Duek y
Graciela Inda
Conicet-Universidad
Nacional de Cuyo
kikaremba@hotmail.com
gracielainda@hotmail.com
At
a time when "postmodernism” has made eclecticism and theoretical poverty
popular, this article aims to revalue the sociological theories that because of
their scientific aim and rigor are considered classics. We will do this through
a critical reading of the theoretical discourse by Durkheim, Marx and Weber as
understood more by their intimate problems than by their word.
We
go back to the classics because they are the theoretical thinkers who laid the
fundamental stones that marked a great part of the later studies in the social
sciences. As argued by Portantiero, after classical sociology little theoretical
progress has been made.
To
begin, we recognize that there are irreconcilable differences between Durkheim,
Marx and Weber’s writings. Secondly, we suggest the need to specificity each
of their discourses in relation to their forms of causality and their systems of
verification: What is the relationship between object of analysis and empirical
reality? What is the method or direction towards knowledge? How causality is
analyzed to explain social issues?
(Return to Abstract
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Daniel
Campi
Conicet-Universidad
Nacional de Tucumán
dcampi@herrera.unt.edu.ar
The
most obvious deficiency in studies on laborers and labor markets during the 19th
century in Tucumán lies in three issues that are among the most important
pending questions in the regional historiography: a) the origin (occupational
and geographical) of the workers hired in ingenios and sugar cane plantations in
the 1860s, 1870s and 1880s; b) the role played by small agricultural and cattle
estates in the process; c) the influence upon these processes of cultural
dimensions (representations and behavior; adaptations and resistance). These
notes aim at proving a preliminary analysis of these questions, and reflecting
on these pending questions, rather than offering answers.
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Goat
diary and the productive reconversion process in peasantry exploitations
Raúl Paz
Conicet-Universidad
Nacional de Santiago del Estero
pazraul@unse.edu.ar
The
thesis supporting the idea that capitalist intrusion in the rural environment
causes the disappearance of rural areas does not always apply to Latin American
countries in spite of a visible modernization and an increasing globalization
process in agriculture. In contrasting rural situation with the various
theoretical frames, mainly on the peasantry transformation prognosis, it is fair
to point out the lack of a single line that may model a new agro structure,
particularly in a historical time of confrontation among social sectors with
strong adjustment and transition processes. This work aims at researching in a
rural area, with dominant peasantry exploitation, in the province of Santiago
del Estero, Argentina, the presence of productive reconversion processes and
phenomena. A deep research into the social transformation processes in peasantry
exploitation demands the identification, according to the typologies, of the
various production systems and the estimation of their possible trajectories
along time.
(Return to Abstract
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Argentina,
economic laboratory
Ramón
Frediani
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo
rfrediani@cordoba.com.ar
All
the extreme economic pathologies of the economic vademecum are often present in
Argentina, a country that has demonstrated to posses little economic culture.
Being the heaven of recurrent economic alchemy and eccentric economic plans, and
where finance ministers yield easily to pressures from all types of lobbies with
demands that are incompatible, the Argentine economy could be defined as the
paradigm of the bizarre economy, because as a society it insists in betting on
the magical, the supernatural, that which is different, in a terrain of human
activity where no magic is possible.
(Return to Abstract
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The
Catholic Ethic and the Spirit of Caudillismo
Leopoldo
Allub
Conicet
A
cultural constant in different places of Latin America is the incompatibility
between patterns of domination and forms of competition and pluralism that
result effective in acquiring and exercising power. The phenomenon describes the
"catholic ethic" and portrays a type of personality and political
behavior that the author labels "spirit of caudillismo".
(Return to Abstract
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Javier
Auyero
Departament
of Sociology
State
University of New York at Stony Brook
Stony
Brook, NY 11794-4356
Auyero@aol.com
With
regions caught up in an economic crisis, the generalized corruption of the
provincial governments, and the recurrent attempts by national governments to
impose a “structural adjustment” in the provinces, new forms of popular
belligerence are becoming generalized and quite frequent, turning the interior
of the country into what Miller and Martin (1998) describe as a landscape of
collective violent protest, or what Tilly (2000) recently called
“transgressive contention.” The recurrent use of blockades in streets,
routes and bridges, the attack on public buildings and residences of state
officials and local politicians, the use of public squares as camping grounds in
sign of protest indicate we must pay attention to the spatial dimensions
--structured and structuring—of the protest, that is, to the convergent y
divergent ways in which popular belligerence take place in geography and also
create geography. The Argentine interior offers a wide range of empirical data
for a comparative study of processes and mechanisms at the center of “spatial
revolts.”
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New
Forms of Intermediation in a Traditional Agrarian Labor Market
Mónica
Bendini and Norma Gallegos
Grupo
de Estudios Sociales Agrarios (GESA). Facultad de Derecho
y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Argentina
rtbendin@uncoma.edu.ar
In
a traditional agrarian labor market, where global companies function, we analyze
changes in contractual connections. We focus on social networks and recruitment
systems that regulate rural labor in historical areas and in new expansion zones
of a productive chain. We also analyze recent forms of “tercerización” of
agrarian labor supply, in a framework of redefined protective labor laws.
(Return to Abstract
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What
Culture Does Development Require? A Need
for Scientific and Technological Development in the Northwest?
Alberto
Tasso and Luis Ponce
CONICET, UNSE tasso@arnet.com.ar
UNSE
ponceluis@yahoo.com
We
want to reflect on the idea of “cultural development,” that is, the cultural
characteristics required for the development of our country and specifically,
our region. It could be argued that this is a recurring issue –though not in
the terms we have just addressed– but perhaps not debated enough and about
which we have not seen many recent contributions.
Our
main thesis is that, during periods of rapid transformation, societies go
through changes in the modes of doing and living that inevitably impact on that
more stable frame of regulation we call culture, and that those changes are not
only spontaneous but can also be produced by society through diverse means.
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University
Professionals in the Labor Market
María
Emilia Isorni
UNSE,
marili@unse.edu.ar
This article acknowledges issues concerning the relationship between higher
education and employment in a moment of renewed interests towards education;
asked to participate with a crucial role in increasing potential access to jobs
in the labor market.
The
theoretical assumption is that the relationship between education-employment
cannot be isolated from ways of life and particular productions of social
structure. From such a notion, there is an attempt to answer this and other
arguments, taking into consideration contextual connections that impact
educational policies as changes produced in the labor market in the last decade.
So as to understand the role of higher education in deteriorated labor
conditions, especially in Santiago del Estero. From a methodological standpoint,
we use both second and first hand sources, so as to have both a broad and
particular view of the topic at hand.
The
first part highlights that the relationship is complex and contradictory. In
spite of theory revival on human
capital; there is knowledge that besides education, job selection and multiple
interacting factors intervene in a complex system of relations.
(Return to Abstract
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Gender
and Labor
Relations in Santiago del Estero.
Income strategies, labor identity and clientelism
Graciela
Ruiz and Carlos Zurita
UNSE,
gruiz@unse.edu.ar
czuritai@unse.edu.ar
This
article, analyzes diverse forms of existing labor practices among women in two
neighborhoods in the outskirts of the city of Santiago del Estero. The
testimonies gathered in ethnographic interviews give a sense of what these women
assign to their labor practices in the construction of social identities. In
redefining roles in domestic groups and clashes –more hidden than apparent-
for power and control of the family sphere and in the public arena.
The
central argument has two aspects: income strategies and political clientelism.
The first is addressed through a repertoire of answers and adjustments to the
labor market via familiar characteristics and economic articulation. The second,
is the articulation and superposition of the labor area in a clientele structure
made up by a regime of political and socio-cultural domination that in a
province like Santiago del Estero has been present more than fifty years.
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The Case of Juan Jorba:
An Experience of Rural Development?
Mónica
Gutvay
San
Luis National University
mgutvay@fices.unsl.edu.ar
For
many years in our country and especially in the province of San Luis, factors
such as railroad privatization, the impact of globalization on production,
consumption, values, the acceleration of the industrialization process, have
affected rural populations, making them feel they have lost their “reason to
be”.
This
article appraises the atypical experience brought upon the town of Juan Jorba
since 2000. I analyze the municipality as a potential strategic actor, a
critical condition from which the population cannot break away. The local
government attempts bizarrely to profit from the crisis. This initial process of
rural development makes what is “global” well known.
(Return to Abstract
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Agro-Industrial
Modernization, Labor Demands and Precariousness.
The Case of the Fruit-farmers in the Río Negro basin, Argentina
Pedro
Tsakoumagkos and
Mónica Bendini
Universidad
de Luján
Grupo de Estudios Sociales Agrarios (GESA), Universidad del Comahue
rtbendin@uncoma.edu.ar
The
purpose of this article is to address the case of the fruit-farmer
agro-industrial reform on the Río Negro basin, in the northern Argentine
Patagonia.
Various
production transformations in labor and employment can, from a visual
perspective, be observed as technical changes that impact on the agro-industry.
And labor productivity rises in a continuous form and modifies labor positions.
Flexibility and deregulation appear –in the neo-liberal discourse- as a
response to needs to reduce labor costs in order to adjust to a growing
competitive market.
The
dimensions of study are continuity in occupation, and qualification of employees
connected to contracts. Sources used are questionnaires, interviews, statistics,
norms, newspapers, and documents.
(Return to Abstract
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The
Course of the Labor Movement in Western Europe
in the 20th Century: Accomplishments,
Failures, and Transformations.
Bruno Groppo
Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique
(CNRS),
Universidad de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (CRHMSS)
groppo@univ-paris1.fr
This
article tries to appraise, in a necessarily concise format, what took place
during a century of labor movement in Western Europe, its accomplishments and
failures. The purpose is to illustrate the European labor movements’
significant changes and common tendencies. Our preliminary hypothesis indicates
that Western European countries present enough shared characteristics so as to
be considered an expressive homogeneous cluster.
The
sense of balance depends on the moment it is done. Our vision of European
history of the 20th century and the position the labor movement occupies, is
without doubt influenced by the events of the last decades, specially the fall
of the communist regimes in 1989, the disappearance of the USSR two years later,
and the globalization of the economy. This vision is different than that of ten
years ago.
Of
the changes that affected the labor movement, we must distinguish between those
of short duration in the order of "events" and those inscribed as long
duration.
(Return to Abstract
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Labor
Sociology Today: The Genealogy of a Paradigm
Juan
José Castillo
Departamento
de Sociología III
Universidad
Complutense de Madrid
jjcastillo@cps.ucm.es
Social
sciences establish and reformulate paradigms as "normal" and adapt to
circumstances in virtue of multiple influences. As results of social demands,
advances in theory and method, also through conceptual hybrids, that other
sciences facilitate, be they “social” or not. Introducing concepts and
deeper more advanced views that pose questions on the capacity to assume,
integrate, "digest" or adapt their complex frames also have
consequences.
Aware
of these influences, the construction of "labor sociology"
comprehension the main emphasis with Latin America should be our own work and
evolution. So as to reach a scientific clarification on social relations, if
"labor" is the tip of the iceberg,
labor sociology should focus on labor existing in each society. (From the
Introduction of the article)
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The
Condition of Childhood in Argentina.
Sanitary and socio-environmental indicators: progress during convertibilidad
Artemio
López
Equipos
de Investigación Social (EQUIS)
equis@ciudad.com.ar
In
this study on the Condition of Childhood, recent official data
acknowledge that: 1) 41% of children 14 years of age or younger are poor, 2) 12%
of the children 14 years of age or younger are indigent, 3) The infant mortality
rate in Argentina is three times that of Singapur, 90% superior that of Cuba and
35% larger than Chile, 4) Infant mortality rate in children of mothers with
incomplete primary studies or less, is 300% that of mothers who have completed
high school of more, 5) Inadequate housing and water make it 64% more likely for
a child to die before reaching 2 years of age, 6) Lack of health coverage for
the mother and unsatisfied basic needs make it 41% more likely for a child to
die before reaching 2 years of age, 7) Pulmonary tuberculosis in children under
the age of 5 has increased 153% during “convertibilidad”, 8) Infantile
diarrhea has increased 40% during “convertibilidad”, 9) There are 4.890.000
children in the country below 14 years of age, 1.390.000 of them are indigent,
10) If the 1.390.000 indigent minors do not receive external aid, they will not
have access to a basic food basket for biological survival, 11) 45% of the
children under 4 years of age have no health coverage.
(Return to Abstract
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Regional
Labor Market Dynamics in a five year period.
The Case of Gran Resistencia between 1994 and 1999
Silvia
A. Robin and Carlos Crucella
Facultad
de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
Universidad Nacional de Rosario
crucellarobin@arnet.com.ar
At
the present time the employment problem exceeds our country’s boundaries, but
specific issues of the “convertibilidad” plan have emphasized negative
consequences on occupation and income fitting of the first phases of all
restructuring productive process, with a clear degree of different effects in
occupational situations in the conglomerates of the urban interior.
This
article analyzes the behavior of the main variables that explain the unbalance
the occupational situation that Gran Resistencia endured in the last five years.
In a scene of deteriorated labor conditions, undergone in the territorial
environment containing these conglomerates in the interior of the country.
The
labor gap is used, since it expresses the degree of unbalance the labor market
confronts, and allows its origins to be acknowledged.
Making it possible to qualify the unbalance in relation to the amounts
and the causes.
(Return to Abstract
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Beyond
Unemployment Rates:Other Labor Problems in Santiago-La Banda in the Nineties. Changes
and distributive features in two forms of sub utilization
Ramón
Antonio Díaz
Facultad
de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales
Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero
rad@unse.edu.ar
Economic actions and
changes that took place in Argentina since the late 80s (hyperinflation,
“convertibilidad”, 1994-95 recession, privatizations, price stability,
release of external deregulated markets, additional fiscal control, etc.), have
caused important effects in the labor market and therefore in the distribution
of income.
This article analyzes to what degree these
changes have been expressed in the urban conglomerates of Santiago del Estero-La
Banda. I interpret variations in level and composition of sub utilization of the
labor force through two forms: exposed unemployment and visible sub employment,
according to the “Encuesta Permanente de Hogares”, a distinction is made
among changes that seem stabilized through out the decade, from those reverted
with the cycle. To conclude, I analyze the effects sub utilization had on
distribution of relevant income dimensions.
(Return to Abstract
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The Emergence of
New Productive Models.
Light Production and Intensified Labor in Spain.
Juan
José Castillo
Departamento
de Sociología III
Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
jjcastillo@cps.ucm.es
Structured
by recent debates about the “emergence of new productive models” and
especially around the idea of light production, this article presents,
initially a framework of social and sociological debate, based on the
contributions of the international Gerpisa network. Then, I explore a relevant
case study, the Renault Multinational, going through organized innovation in the
Spanish branch of Valladolid, FASA. The work method, with long field studies
that go back up to three years, have allowed me to outline the viewpoint of
employees and later to identify a fundamental feature in these organizing
innovations: intensification of labor. The reduction of half of the plant
confirmed that the staff worked twice as much as they did before innovation.
(Return to Abstract
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Poverty
and Indigence in Argentina.
Documentation
according to the World Bank, with data about provinces,
regions and the whole country.
Artemio
López
Equipos
de Investigación Social (EQUIS)
equis@ciudad.com.ar
This
study analyzes the Indigence and Poverty lines for the general population and
minors under 14 years of age. The methodological decision common in
poverty analysis result in trimming the age group of those under 14 years of
age, in an attempt to observe socio-environmental situations of childhood and
early adolescence. The strategic social segment measures socio-economical
consistency; in countries and regions intending to reflect on the outlook.
Yet,
this unedited essay, examines the spatial distribution and profound differential
of poverty. It analyzes regional and provincial behavior for values of Poverty
and Indigence estimated by the World Bank for the general population under the
age of 14.
This
differential analysis allows us to observe thoroughly the unequal development of
the poverty and indigence indicators. If we take 100 as the national average, in
northeastern Argentina it escalates to 158 and in Patagonia it falls to 82,5, to
mention extreme examples.
To
conclude, I present an appraisal of the Indigence and Poverty lines projected
for each province and region of the country, ending with a chart of the whole
country.
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Basic Principles in the
Administration of Social Policies in Argentina
Ramón
Frediani
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo
ramonfr@iadb.org
Through
the examination and evaluation of international experiences, this article
presents a synthetic proposal of the basic principles of what the modern
administration system of social policies in Argentina should be. The national
government annually assigns approximately $17.000 million US dollars to social
programs, with very scarce results and low percentages of effectiveness.
This
proposal hopes to help unearth the traditional and anachronous
political-administrative culture applied in Argentina. So as to attend this
vital area of State, based for practically 50 years on programs, actions and
unconnected non systematic affairs; ambiguity in managing public resources, lack
efficiency in funds, conditioned mostly to personalized and non participatory
control, with out concern of effectiveness in assisting the population being
addressed.
(Return to Abstract
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The
Vulnerable: Labor and Life Conditions.
Maria Rosa Gómez,
María Emilia Isorni and Graciela Saber
Facultad
de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales
Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero
marili@unse.edu.ar
Productive
restructure, recession and unemployment along with the abandonment of protection
policies and social security, configure a landscape of deterioration of the poor
traditional sectors and also the vulnerability of fractions of the middle class.
The latter do not reach a situation of poverty; yet experience an erosion of
protection in regards to security and social networks.
From
this framework, a most significant contemporary condition is analyzed:
vulnerability is expressed as the decline of the middle sector in the nineties.
The
conceptual axis is labor and behavior, as seen in loss of employment, prolonged
periods of employment search or profound reduction of income. In addition
to definitions of the situation and their repercussions in every day
life; and strategy development to ensure the descend is less painful.
In
an urban setting of Santiago del Estero, accounts of families going through a
process of decline. A case analysis, approached qualitatively at an exploratory
level, trying to rescue typical situations, analyzing the construction of
sensitive categories of vulnerability.
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Hybrid,
Belonging and Locality in the Construction of a National Cuisine
Eduardo
P. Archetti
Departamento de Antropología
Universidad de Oslo
eduardo.archetti@sai.uio.no
This
article argues that what defines a cuisine is, ultimately, the culinary
practices of the population who consume certain dishes regularly. Consequently
considering themselves experts on valuating the quality of their preparation.
Cuisine has common social roots; belonging to the community even when it is
broad and heterogeneous, like the case of Argentina.
The
first analysis is about how meat plays a central role in the diet and perception
of what is identified as “national.” Then, my observations center on the
convergence of pizzerias in Buenos Aires between pizza of Italian origin along
with traditional criollo empanadas. These examples bring up issues such as which
meals and cuisine belong to a hybrid model and which have become ethnic,
at least for the time being.
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Labor
Market Professions and Occupations in Santiago del Estero, Argentina,
during 1869-1914
Alberto Tasso
Conicet
Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero
tasso@arnet.co.ar
This
article analyzes changes in the occupational structure of the province during
economic and social transitions during the last decades of the 19th
century. An inspection of occupational records for three national censuses;
displaying characteristics and suggesting an explanation of the observed
changes. Occupations were reclassified according to categories of large groups
and subgroups of the CIUO.
The
key changes are progressive reduction of the economically active population and
manufactured traditional goods; expansion of groups linked to modernization
(professionals, technicians, administrative, transportation) which account for
inaugurating the transition between two economic-social models functioning,
besides the well known aspects affecting feminine employment. In classical
theories, the growth of a labor force with scarce qualification is also
considered a prior condition for expansion of capitalism. Classified as
‘traditional’ or ‘modern’ occupations, permitting an assessment of more
productive sectors permeable to change. Dated during the main impact of this
transition between 1895 y 1914.
Alberto
Tasso is a Sociologist from the Universidad Católica Argentina and a PhD at Universidad de Buenos Aires. A researcher of CONICET and professor
at the Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, and
postgraduate studies. He has many publications about Rural Sociology, Agrarian
History and Social Development.
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What
is left of the "Labor Movement"?
Manners of Reclaiming Labor in the New Argentine Democracy
Marina Farinetti
Facultad
de Ciencias Sociales
Universidad de Buenos Aires
marinaf@coneau.edu.ar
This
article refers to innovative situations in Argentine labor protest between
1983-1997. The conceptual framework integrates the notions of "collective
action repertoire", "structural political opportunities" and
"economic moral", developed by Tilly, Tarrow and Thompson,
respectively.
Followed
by the classical repertoire of labor protest defined through historical
significance. Additionally, principal types of protest described during the
above-mentioned period: union protests, “social outburst” and street cuts.
Furthermore, new contrasting forms to the “classical repertoire” are
analyzed, suggesting substantiate evidence that labor protests repertoire have
changed throughout the studied interval. Lastly, innovations are mainly due to
the role of Peronism.
Marina Farinetti is
a Political
Scientist with a Masters in Social Research from the Universidad de Buenos
Aires, where she teaches philosophy. She is a member of the Instituto Gino
Germani at the Facultad de Ciencias Sociales at UBA She has written articles
about socio-political issues, and is currently doing research on what is known
as the social outburst of December 16th, 1993 in Santiago
del Estero.
(Return to Abstract
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Small
Scale Agrarian Production in Argentina: Active Policies for Sustainable
Development
Rubén de Dios
Facultad
de Humanidades yCiencias Sociales
Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero
rdios@teletel.com.ar
Diverse
social actors coexist with in the Argentine agrarian structure. Small producers
(minifundistas) have quantitative importance, not for contributing to the
agrarian gross product, which is rather insignificant. This assertion is true
for the most of agrarian activity. Small scale production has a substantive
economic contribution in the perspective of a possible local development
sustainable in time; and can be regionally and spatially relativized.
In
previous years, focalized programs destined to integrate the “minifundista”
sector as an economic actor capable of reaching the gateway of minimum
competition, have been designed and executed. A tendency neutralized and over
swamped by macroeconomic policies that press on expulsion of the productive
system. If this process continues, the short-term outcome would not be viability
and disappearance. A state accountable policy, convinced that small scale
producers “minifundistas” belong to an economic sector capable of a
preponderant role in generating employment, income, and riches locally and
regionally.
The
subjective diagnose must be saturated, allowing integration of life and survival
strategies, supported by actions that consider their diversity.
Rubén
de Dios is a Sociologist from the Universidad Católica Argentina; he has done
postgraduate studies in Social Development and Rural Sociology. He currently
teaches Compared Rural Processes and Rural Sociology at the Universidad Nacional
de Santiago del Estero. He has several publications on matters related to Rural
Sociology, Local Development and Social Policies.
(Return to Abstract
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Occupant
Peasants: Integration, Exclusion and Vulnerability of
in Argentina. Case study in the framework of Globalization
Raúl
Paz
Conicet
Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero
pazraul@unse.edu.ar
The
present article is about occupant peasants in the province of Santiago del
Estero in Argentina. Hoping to seek out new meanings and explore processes and
phenomena that persistently emerge within the globalization structure.
Three
case studies are taken into account. The sites are selected for having strong
peasant existence and precarious landownership. Sector diversity is observed at
the core of the province. So as to compose a detailed map of the different types
of occupant peasants, the rural areas analyzed have different agro-ecological
and socio-economic characteristics.
Heterogeneity
of occupant peasants is rooted essentially at a structural and strategic level
of social reproduction. These two dimensions, endowment of resources and
strategies of social reproduction, interact with state intervention (do to
focalized policies) and reshape rural social relationships. Lastly the
recognition and classification of diverse conditions of social reproduction with
in the sector: integration accompanied by stability, exclusion accompanied by
survival, and integration via modernization of productive agricultural
activities; processes that somehow distinguish ranks of vulnerability in the
production systems.
As
a final point, the diversity found in the case studies imply occupant peasants
are not a unified category, making it inadequate to construct a tendency or
exclusive process of social transformation established in the agro.
Raúl
Paz is an Agricultural Engineer, MSC in Rural Extension from the Universidad
Nacional del Litoral-INTA and a PhD candidate at Universidad de Buenos Aires.
Currently Professor of Rural Sociology working on SPSS management at Facultad de
Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Researcher of CONICET.
Has several publications regarding issues of rural development, types of
producers and cotton labor demands.
(Return to Abstract
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Stratification
and Labor:
Images and Magnitudes in Santiago del Estero
Carlos
Zurita
Facultad
de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales
Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero
czurita@unse.edu.ar
This
article explores the nature of the stratification system in one of the most
straggler provinces of Argentina. Transition and discontinuity of the social
structure in Santiago del Estero, is measured through images concerning social
class and the magnitude of the socio occupational stratum.
The
text may give off the impression that the inequality established in the province
is not visibly manifest when compared to other areas. The assumption is, this
opaque segmentation between social caps, predominantly among high and middle
class, could be explained in terms of the Kuznets curve that correlates the
progress of social heterogeneity with economic growth, suggesting that the
prolonged underdeveloped and stagnation of Santiago del Estero has barred, clear
differentials in life styles and material capital, principally symbolic capital,
of the social stratum.
This
is convincing when contrasted with other areas. Yet, a close examination at
internal provincial configurations, verify the articulation of labor with class
systems that show major differentiation, manifested as social polarization
processes.
Besides
being a descriptive exercise of social classes, the text illustrates particular
socio-demographic behaviors that can be revealed in diverse occupational
segments.
Carlos
Zurita has a PhD in Sociology from the Universidad Católica Argentina. He is
former dean of the Facultad de Humanidades, at the Universidad Nacional de
Santiago del Estero. Here he currently teaches Development Sociology. He has
been a visiting professor at El Colegio de México, and has numerous
publications regarding issues related to labor sociology and analysis of
traditional societies.
Organizational support to the family,
co-responsibility and job satisfaction in organizations by type of
organizational policies work-family balance
Francisco Besarez Silva, Andrés Jiménez Figueroa,
Elizabeth Riquelme Orellana
It is analyzed
the relationship between family responsibilities, job satisfaction and perceived
organizational support to the family in organizations with presence and absence
of policies to reconcile work and family life. A 137 workers Maule, Chile, they
were applied three instruments measuring related variables. It is observed that
the presence and absence of policies to reconcile work and family no significant
differences in levels of responsibility (p> 0.05), while if it generates
significant differences in perceived organizational support to the family and
job satisfaction (p <0.001). Also presented significant positive correlations
between levels of perceived organizational support to family and job
satisfaction levels (r = 0.34, p <0.001), while between perceived organizational
support to the family and family responsibility not significant relationships
were observed (r = 0.17, p> 0.05).
Keywords:
work-family balance policies; family perceived; organizational support to
family; work satisfaction
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Brickmaker Working and Chagas Disease:
characterization of southeast Santiago del Estero tabiques (1) and its
relationship with the zoonoses
Nicolás Deambrosi
This article studies the intersections between Chagas's disease and Brickmaker
working in the south-east (SE) of Santiago del Estero.
We affirm that Añatuya's locality, SE of Santiago del Estero, do not have a
clear edge, a border with "the rural thing" but urban residential/urban
productive and rural residential/productive are spaces that intermingle because
persons and his socioeconomic activities go and come between an area and other
one. The brickworks appears as a relevant place of study: using natural raw
materials they elaborate an input necessary for the growth of the city, using
workers who frequently reside in messes in work places, in urban centers
periphery.
The principal aim of this work is to characterize brickmaker working and to
presente a productive typology of productive units tabiques. Secondly, we define
some theoretical categories with the perspective to link Work and Chagas's
Disease in the messes and tabiques of the añatuyense periphery. Finally, we
present the working hypothesis
Keywords:
work; brick; Santiago del Estero; chagas´s disease; health; periphery
(Return to Abstract
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Ethnicity and class among
Paraguayan immigrants in the construction industry of the Metropolitan Area
of Buenos Aires
Álvaro
Del Águila
This paper aims to contribute to the analysis of class and ethnic relations
within the construction industry in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The construction
industry constitutes an important employment niche for migrants from neighboring
countries, yet we know very little about the culture, life, and work of
immigrants in this industry. Based on ethnographic work conducted in several
construction sites between 2006 and 2012 this paper analyzes the formation of a
specific ethnic and class group among construction workers, a group with strong
ties to their rural origins. This paper also analyzes the dimensions of
exploitation of this labor force, emphasizing in particular the derogatory
discourse construction used to refer to and describe immigrant workers. These
discourses usually serve as legitimating devices for their exploitation.
Keywords:
construction industry; immigration; Paraguay; class; ethnicity
(Return to Abstract
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The party constitution and from front
Compromiso Social within of the conditions of possibility of the political
regime of Santiago del Estero
Hernán Campos
The main
intention of the work will trace the emergence of a political force within the
possibilities and limits of political regime santiagueño. The proposed work
seeks to answer, what were the conditions of possibility for political party
which formed and developed the party and the front Compromiso Social?
We will try to
(a) explore the characteristics of the political regime within a political
contextualization to help understand the emergence of the party and the front
Compromiso Social as well as (b) to investigate its internal organization and
ways that were articulated parties and political organizations.
Keywords:
party; Compromiso Social front; political regime; internal organization; genetic
model; institutionalization
(Return to Abstract
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Forms of union organization and trade-union practices in the Agroindustrial
Fruit Complex of Entre Ríos province
(Argentina)
Angélica Jordán
The processes of productive agrarian restructuring in production of citric
fruits of export produce changes on the markets of work, as on the processes of
work, promoting the precarious insertions of agrarian workers, disciplining the
workforce. Bearing these phenomena in mind, the present work takes the unions
intervention as an aim in the fruit activities of the city of Concordia (Entre
Ríos Province) considering it one of the explanatory factors about the form that
acquires the conflict of classes in these fruit activities of exportation. In
order to it we realize a characterization of agrarian unions in those local
activities, mainly sweet citrus fruits.
Keywords:
agrarian workers; precariousness; unions; trade-union practice; agrarian
productive restructuring
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To be in the field of investigation: The
investigator like subject and object of study
María Laura Crego
The following
test presents a tour for a series of methodological reflections arisen during
the work of investigation that had as aim know how the young persons of a poor
neighborhood of the city of La Plata were constructing their school experience.
These reflections treat principally the place of the investigator, his
characteristics and emotions in game to the moment of the empirical
investigation, “to be in the field”, in order to contribute to the reflection
brings over of the occupation of the social scientists and the implications in
the empirical work.
Key Words:
reflection; flexibility; to be in the investigation.
(Return to Abstract
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About the organization Montoneros program:
reformist or revolutionary?
Julieta Pacheco
Political organizations are characterized from its militant actions. Thus,
reformist or revolutionary character is measured from the development of a more
or less radical estrategy. In this sense, a group that deploys armed actions
have radicalized political content than one that does not. However, from the
analysis of the Montoneros program we can see that the deployment of armed
actions does not ensure the defense of a revolutionary program. Therefore, the
knowledge of the nature of a political organization needs to be addressed from
programmatic analysis.
Keywords:
montoneros; program; reform; revolution.
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On
current modes
of organization and
youth political participation: the
case of The
Tosco in Evita
Movement
Gabriela Bard
Wigdor y Alexis Rasftopolo
After years of neoliberal hegemony in Argentina, since 2003, there has been a
change in the model of government that proposes a strong state intervention in
the economy and production of social public policies. In this context,
organizations that emerged strongly in the 90 on the axis of 'decent work'
(picketers movements, recuperated factories and enterprises, etc.) and rejection
of corruption and political representation, contained in the "throw them all”
(neighborhood assemblies and uprisings), were transformed into organizations
with new logics, strong participation of youth who identifies with the state and
experiment new ways of doing politics.
In
this article, we take a specific case of Córdoba city: The Tosco
territorial organization in the Evita Movement, with the intention to
analyze, understand and try to explain, the current modes of political
organization at both social movements and in their relationship with the state.
Our working assumption is that changes since 2003, determine new ways of doing
politics and organizing within them. From this thesis, we aim to address the
integration of The Tosco, a horizontal and local labor socio-political
organization, in the movement Evita, social-political movement with vertical and
national leading, trying through the appreciation of male and female members of
The Tosco highlight tensions, disputes, the issue of gender in these processes,
and the difficulty of amalgamating forms of thought and action which would
appear as contradictory in many cases.
Keywords:
politics; State; organizations; post-neoliberalism; youth; gender.
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The ecological dimension of peasant
struggles. Disputes about land use planning linked with native forests in
Santiago del Estero.
Cristian Emanuel Jara
This
article contributes to the discussion about ecological peasant struggles
beginning from a case study focused on the particiption of peasant movement of
Santiago del Estero (MOCASE) during the land use planning linked with native
forests in 2008.
Some
transverse inquiries are the following: ¿which is the meaning of ecological
dimension of the present peasant struggles? ¿what are the new and the old
aspects? ¿Which are the traditions and the potentialities implied on ecological
frames?
We
argue that the historic struggle for land, characteristic axis of the Old
Agrarian Question (expressed in demands for regularization of land ownership,
resistance to evictions and control of the production process), is joint to a
struggle on land, for environmental justice, framed in the New Agrarian
Question. Additionally, three dimensions of the ecological peasant’s
requests
are distinguished: ontologic, ethic and epistemic aspects. All of them are
expressed in divergent interests, values and knowledge. Thus, struggles for land
are part of a rural and urban fight, local and global fight, corporative and
political fight.
Key
Words:
new agrarian question; ecological peasant struggles; Peasant Movement of
Santiago del Estero; land use planning.
(Return to Abstract
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Power relations, labour relations
and collective bargaining structure.
Scope and characteristics of descentralization in Argentina
Clara
Marticorena
This
paper analyzes the scope and characteristics of collective bargaining
decentralization in Argentina considering the evolution in recent years. The
collective bargaining structure is a widely studied subject in Europe and North
America but has had less attention in our country. However, the level and
coverage of collective bargaining became more important in last years from the
debates on union “revitalization”. In this frame, our research aims to
problematize the bond between power relations and collective bargaining
structure in order to contribute to the study of decentralization in Argentina.
Key
words:
power
relations; labour relations; collective bargaining structure; descentralization;
Argentina.
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The environmental consequences of
economic power reproduction
Paula
Boniolo y Diego Paredes
The
environmental and social consequences caused by the settlement of industries in
poor neighborhoods have been an issue that emerged strongly in previous studies
(Boniolo, 2011, Taller de Aguas, 2012). These consequences are perceived by
local residents as one of the major concerns related to the territory. This
study explores a case, based on the meat industry, to show the relationship
between the net of big corporation’s trades and their environmental and social
consequences in a poor neighborhood of Gran Buenos Aires Suburbs. The selected
meat company has been subject of complaints for two decades and is part of the
business of one of the richest families in Argentina. This company is among the
first firms in sales ranking (Mercado, 2011) within the meat industry, according
production and exports. The study will be approached through the results
obtained by interlocking directorates method among big corporations framed in
network analysis, water samples (FCEyN Taller de Aguas, UBA), documents and
interviews. This study provides knowledge about the interconnection between
corporations, their practices and consequences in water pollution and in the
life of local residents.
Keywords:
water pollution; economic power reproduction; social classes; territory.
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Autonomy and Migration: the forestall workers of the northeast of
Misiones (Argentina)
Gabriela Schiavoni y Alfonsina Alberti
The
present article deals with the forestall workers of Misiones (northeast
Argentina) that move towards the planted forests of Eucalyptuses, located in the
provinces of Corrientes and Entre Ríos. The alternation between selling labour
force and working for themselves in our land defines the migrant’s social
condition.We analyse this cyclic migration circuit in terms of labour market
segmentation. The search of autonomy represents a central value for labour
selection alternatives. From the anthropological point of view we describes the
social organization forms (domestic cycle phase, social networks) and cultural
conceptions that underlying segmentation.
Kaywords:
labour migration; labour market; market segmentation; anthropology; forestall
employment; worker peasant.
(Return to Abstract
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Workers’
struggle and organisation in contemporary Argentina:
The
experience of the ‘Sindicato Marítimo de Pescadores’ (2000-2012)
Gonzalo
Yurkievich y Agustín Nieto
In
this article we explore the varied experiences of organisation and struggle of
the sea workers of the Fishermen’s Union (SIMAPE) between 2000 and 2012. In so
doing, we rely on a number of sources: interviews with union leaders, delegates
and workers; union’s statutes; collective bargaining agreements; newspapers;
ministerial notes; field observation; flyers; union candidates’ lists; union
publications and others. In the introduction we present the main arguments of
the union ‘revival’ literature and the issues related to it. The first section
includes a historical contextualisation of the emergence of SIMAPE. The
following section describes the main features of the formal structure and daily
activities of the said union. In the third section we analyse the participation
of maritime workers in the union activities, particularly in relation to
elections, protests and negotiations. Finally we include the main conclusions of
the research. These are pointed out as reflections that allow us to challenge
our usual approach to the study of union politics.
Keywords:
workers’ struggle; workers’ organisation; union revival; maritime workers;
SIMAPE.
(Return to Abstract
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Qom histories in the city of La Plata.
Labor
trajectories, migration and ethnicity
Soledad
Balerdi
This
article addresses labor issues of members of a Qom (Toba) community from the
province of Chaco settled in the suburbs of the city of La Plata, from the
reconstruction of their labor trajectories and the analysis of the role that
migration and ethnicity have in these paths. The information for the elaboration
of this work has been built through a qualitative methodological strategy
implemented in the territory in the framework of a research process started in
the year 2011 and that continues today.
Key Words:
tobas; labor trajectories; migration; ethnicity
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Peoples, Territory and Autonomy. Tensions in the modes of construction of
Indigenous People as subjects of rights
in Argentina
Beatriz Nussbaumer
The
article aims to analyse the conflicts between different modes of conceiving
indigenous peoples as subjects of rights in Argentina. The current reform of the
Civil Code and Commercial Procedure enables to recognize the demands of
indigenous organizations for new forms of relationship between them and the
State. In this debate the pair "community-people" is reviewed towards
recognition as collective and political subjects in the national arena.
Regarding territorial claims, the pair "land-territory" constitutes an opening
for the discussion of the rights of autonomy and control of natural resources,
though in a national context of intense disputes over these resources. These
debates are the result of some progresses at the international level but also of
the diverse local conflicts. Therefore, an analysis of certain dimensions of the
emergence process of Huarpe ethnic groups in the Province of Mendoza is
presented in order to illustrate the global-local relationship and to identify
how cultural provincial contexts imprints particular meanings and practices to
indigenous issues, especially to Peoples, Territory and Autonomy.
Keywords:
indigenous rights, civil code reform, Indigenous People, territory, autonomy,
Huarpes
(Return to Abstract
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Discourses in
fashion: Justifying the exploitation of migrant workers in ‘national
sweatshops’
Jerónimo
Montero
This article
seeks to
examine
the main arguments used by fashion entrepreneurs to contest accusations of the
exploitation of migrant workers in small inner-city sweatshops. Based on one
year of fieldwork in Buenos Aires and Prato (Italy),
in this article three main beliefs promoted by firms are identified. Firstly,
the constraints posed by the significant increase of garment imports since the
trade liberalisation is used to gain tolerance towards their labour practices
and financial support from the governments. Secondly, because the subcontracting
chains are very complex, and may encompass a number of workshops scattered
around the city’s landscape, fashion entrepreneurs claim that it is impossible
for them to control the whole chain. Finally, since these sweatshops are managed
by migrant petty-entrepreneurs who exploit their co-nationals, the guilt is
placed in the migrant communities as a whole due to their alleged ‘cultural
habit’ of ‘exploiting each other’. Here these assumptions are challenged, in the
understanding that they are strong ideological barriers to policy-making and to
anti-sweatshop activism.
Keywords:
fashion; garment industry; clothing industry; migrant workers; sweatshops; human
trafficking.
(Return to Abstract
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Trans,
migrants and
prostitutes in a city of
France.
Imbricated dominations and
negotiation spaces
Prune de Montvalon
This article
explores the power relations between foreign sex workers – usually labeled under
the legal term of pimping or trafficking in human beings – as well as the
strategies of negotiation and resistance they adopt. Rather than confronting the
theory of the subject-actor to the theory of domination, this article intends to
articulate different scales of analysis in order to observe the way social and
political structures that affect foreign sex workers interact with
interindividual dynamics to produce local power relations. The study, limited
both in time and space, of a group of Latin-Amercian transgender sex workers in
a French city in 2009 and 2010 allows for such analysis to take place.
Keywords:
prostitution, migration, transgender, domination, resistance
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The changes in the curriculum and school
policy during the last military dictatorship: the use and the disciplining of
the workforce through the dual system of discipline regime
Romina De Luca y Natalia Alvarez Prieto
This paper analyzes the intervention of the military dictatorship in the average
level of education. More specifically, we present two-dimensional analysis so
far little explored in the field of research on educational change during the
stage. On the one hand, the development of so-called "dual system" experience
started in 1980 which involved a labor practice like mechanism of technical
training of students. Try to see what were the main features of this system. At
this point, we see how guidance, job training and the acquisition of certain
skills of the workforce appeared as the average level tasks should take. To do
this, we analyze the characteristics of the new method, the curriculum, the
profile of apprentices and the distribution of school time. In parallel to this
process, we will study the changes in the school disciplinary system,
understanding that it is a central device that aims to shape the moral
attributes of the labor force. Not only we will analyze the regulatory framework
but also, we will approach the study of its particular embodiments. We will
survey and analyze the national press and will investigate documentary file a
public school in Buenos Aires. In short, we will discuss here three dimensions
converged-the organizational level, the curriculum and discipline, that allow us
to observe the links between educational reforms and capital needs during the
last military dictatorship.
Key words:
Education
system
-
Average level -
Training of the
labor force - Dual
System - Disciplinary system
- Last military dictatorship
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Living The Work. Social Transformation, Cirujeo,
and Ambulant Vending
Mariano D. Perelman
This article
focuses on societal change since the implementation of a series of neoliberal
policies in Argentina, and the related impact on the subjectivities of people in
two occupations in the grey zone between work and non-work: cirujeo and
ambulant vending in trains of the city of Buenos Aires. Both of these
activities existed before the era of neoliberal reforms, but their prevalence
increased during the 1990s, and, importantly, the way these activities were
viewed can only be understood within the context of the changes the era
engendered. From the cases, I will
show how
meanings around work are built from both hegemonic discourses and depending on
the experiences of people. This allows addressing the nuances and complexities
of the analysis on the work is experience in Argentina post convertibility and
how changes has impacted on the subjectivities of those who continued to earn a
living through the formal market, the ones that began to do it in the informal
market and in those that always did it through out of the market.
KeyWords :
Ambulant Vending; Cirujeo; Work; Buenos Aires; Unemployment
(Return to Abstract
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The construction of the field of sociology
in the juncture of the 1960/1970 Disciplinary disputes, editorials and
circulation of ideas in the production of academic magazines in Paraguay.
Lorena Soler
The article
aims to study the formation of the modern field of sociology in Paraguay through
the disciplinary disputes and publishers of academic magazines, in both
endeavors which grouped communities of intellectuals and fostered the
consecration of fields of study. Specifically, it focuses on the Revista
Estudios Paraguayos (1973), the Suplemento Antropológico (1965) and the Revista
Paraguaya de Sociología (1964). Stops with special emphasis on the latter in
both editorial project that brought together a new intellectual elite belonging
to the Centro Paraguayo de Estudios Sociológicos, which will link with regional
institutions and updated deeply the issues and problems that were on the agenda
of research and production of sociology in Paraguay.
Keywords:
Sociology; Intellectual field; Academic magazines; Paraguay
(Return to Abstract
List)
Between Mother Earth and the Mother of All Industries. Resource Management,
Mountains, Mega-mining, and
Socio-Environmental Conflicts in Argentina
Florencia Soraire
The minerals
that global market has turned into non-renewable and strategic natural resources
rest hidden deep in the heart of the Andes Mountain Range. Foreign-capital
companies invest thousands of millions of dollars to extract them, blessed with
the favors of governments who look with fine eyes the mineral exploitation in
their territories. Surface mega-mining in Argentina poses a particular case: in
the socio-environmental conflict that surrounds the activity among the operative
undertakings and the communities near the mines, the miners themselves enter a
stand-off with their own neighbors, family, and friends, who self-convened a
meeting to expel mining companies outside the country.
The fight to
impose a meaning to the hills, somewhere between a “sacred site” as part of the
Pachamama (Mother Earth) and a “productive territory,” evidences the
flash point between both groups, manifesting the tension which exists around a
productive activity with a significant presence in Argentinean society for more
than a decade.
We will now
present a case and the challenges it creates.
Keywords:
Mother Earth, Mega-mining, Human Resources, Socio-Environmental Conflicts,
Argentina
(Return to Abstract
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Differentiated experiences and working conditions in
domestic service
Towards a characterization of labor segmentation of the sector in the city of
Buenos Aires
Francisca Pereyra y Ania Tizziani
Domestic
workers’ precarious labor conditions are a well-known fact. Nonetheless, for
more than one decade, a series of national and international initiatives have
been directed to equalize this sector’s labor conditions with those of general
salaried workers. In this context, a renewed academic interest on this
occupation has taken place. However, the topic of the segmentation of this labor
force, which has important consequences on policies directed to the sector, has
not been thoroughly analyzed yet. In this sense, one of the most important
variables to consider this labor force’s segmentation is the type of insertion
in the occupation – defined here in terms of the weekly amount of hours labored
per week. The type of insertion implies very different situations in terms of
access to labor rights and the kind of occupational experiences in the
workplace. In this article, we aim to contribute to this line of enquiry, based
on a first classification of these workers: those who labor a few hours a week,
and are usually paid on hourly basis and those who present more extended
schedules and receive monthly payments. By combining quantitative and
qualitative data we aim to explore, on one hand, the motivations and/or
restrictions which lead workers to each kind of insertion. On the other hand, we
study the ways in which these different labor insertions impact on domestic
workers’ relationship with employers as well as on their perception and
appropriation of labor rights.
Keywords:
domestic service, labor segmentation, labor conditions, labor rights, Argentina
(Return to Abstract
List)
Labor Precarity, modernity and capitalist
modernization: A Contribution to the debate from Latin America.
Dasten Julián Vejar
In this text we
generate a debate as a proposal for discussion and review of some
epistemic/conceptual premises that span the sociology of work in Latin America
currently. We focus on a historical approach to the phenomena of "precarity" and
"labor precaritization", posing a dialectical deconstruction of the
reproduction/relationship and representation of these phenomena and categories,
namely the problem of the generation-use of the "concept", from its emergence in
a neoliberal accumulation model, and in the context of late modernity in
peripheral realities such as Latin America.
Keywords:
Precarity - Labor Precaritization – Work – Modernity - Neoliberalism.
(Return to Abstract
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Oil nationalism and Peronism. From
the nationalization of the land to the contract regime (1946-1955)
Fernando G. Dachevsky
This article
analyzes the Peronist oil policy with emphasis on its two most notorious
measures: the enactment of the 1949 Constitution and the Contract with Standard
Oil of California, proposed by Peron. Against interpretations that opposed both
measures like contradictory expressions of a changing relationship between Peron
and oil nationalism, we emphasize the complementarity of those measures. Our
working hypothesis is that both measures were consistent within a transition to
forms of incorporation of private capital in association with YPF. In other
words, we understand that the type of oil contracts require not only changes in
the relationship between YPF and the private sector, but in the form of access
to land. To which, the provisions of Article 40 of the Constitution of 1949
would appear as necessary.
Key
words:
political
economy; oil nationalism; national property
(Return to Abstract
List)
The Forbidden
Education:
challenge to the school form or
educational proposal functional for a soft capitalism?
María Emilia Di Piero
The
traditional school form has been questioned in many occasions and in
different perspectives. In this article we are going to focus on the analysis of
some critics that, presenting themselves as libertarian and surpassing
alternatives, end up being functional for the new capitalism configuration.
Therefore, we sustain that apologetical educational speeches of anti-authoritarism,
of flexibility, of creativity, and of autonomy (understood as freedom to each
person to make their own rules) are in congruence with certain types of business
management that it is in the context of the capitalism new spirit,
increases their relevance of individual responsibility for their own acts and
deepen the individuation process.
Then, we are
going to analyse the documentary “The forbidden education”, released in august
of 2012, which criticises the compulsory state school system promoting the end
of traditional school form.
In the first
part of this article we are going to present the concepts of “form”,
“grammatical”, “school culture” and “institutional program”, putting them in
relation with the film analysis. In the second part, we are going to show and
analyse critically some of the questions to the state monopoly of the formal
education that de documentary try to introduce, sustaining that they present
certain electivity affinity with the actual configuration of a soft
capitalism.
Keywords:
traditional school form; alternative proposals; soft capitalism; new
business management; individuation process
(Return to Abstract
List)
Political
elites and nation. The representations on the
national of the Argentine senators (2001-2011)
Gabriel Levita
In the frame
of the question on the characteristics of political elites in Argentina, this
article analyzes the representations on the national of the Argentine national
senators between 2001 and 2011. Based on a content analysis of the Senate
records, we construct a typology of three layers of representations. Firstly,
the “shared” are common to all actors. Secondly, the “partisans” express the
cleavages set by the Argentine political traditions. A third type is composed
with four groups which cross the partisan belonging: the “parish”, the
“cosmopolitan”, the “conspiracist” and the “decadentist”. Each one supposes
different judgments and assessments made by the actors. The work explores the
memories and imaginaries where they come from and puts into context the
speeches.
The article
makes two substantive contributions. On the one hand, it makes a profounder
approximation to the representations on the national of political elites. Thus,
it considers the available meanings used to justify political positions. On the
other hand, it shows how the fact of being justicialist or radical is not a
determinant factor of the ideas on the national –and so ideological stances-
each senator has.
Key words:
representations; nation; senators; elites; trajectories.
(Return to Abstract
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Cartoneros and his integrations in the
State from relative overcrowding by interval of the cooperatives: City of Buenos
Aires, 2001-2012
Nicolás Villanova
The
situation of the cartoneros is unchanged over more than 10 years. The 992 and
1854 laws tended to recognize the work of the cartoneros. From the year 2008,
the Government changed recycling policy and it benefitted to cartoneros
associated in cooperatives. This change in the management of municipal solid
waste is not unprecedented: the State granted to cooperatives the possibility of
collecting recyclable products in areas of work formally assigned. It also gave
them subsidies, as for example, monthly incentives, infrastructure (logistics
and child care), social and medical coverage. In this article we analyzed the
subsidies and its real impact on the working conditions of the cartoneros. This
policy has not changed substantially the working conditions of the cartoneros.
It is not an universal policy, they benefit to a limited number of cartoneros.
However, the change in policy presupposes a recognition of the work of
cartoneros by the State and the use of a cheap labor that has not changed their
attributes of their condition of relative overcrowding.
Key words:
Cartoneros; Subsidie; Recycled
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